Glaucoma Essay -- Vision Sight Opthamology Disorders Essays

Glaucoma Glaucoma is a common and important health problem. It is one of the leading causes of blindness in Western Society (Hoskins & Kass, 1989). It is responsible for ten percent of all blindness in the United States and continues to be the second or third most common cause of blindness in the world (Bunce, Fraser, & Wormald, 1999). It is estimated that two million people in the United States have been diagnosed as having glaucoma. Glaucoma is known to affect about two percent of Caucasians beginning at the age of 40 with an increasing risk for those over the age of 60. This risk is especially high if a member of the family has glaucoma or diabetes. Further, there is a higher risk of a glaucoma diagnosis for African Americans over the age of 40. Glaucoma results from increasing intraocular pressure, pressure inside the eye, which can lead to irreparable damage to the retina and the optic nerve, which connects the retina with the back of the brain. Intraocular pressure is determined by the balance between the rate of the aqueous humor production (found between the cornea and the lens) and its resistance to outflow at the angle of the anterior chamber. In most cases, increased resistance to aqueous humor outflow causes elevated intraocular pressure. Lowering intraocular pressure constrains or slows the progress of glaucoma. There are many conditions that individuals may encounter as a result of glaucoma. Chew et al. (1999) found high intraocular pressure or the presence of glaucoma to be an identification for decreased life expectancy. After minor modifications were made for risk factors such as age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, cigarette smoking, and body mass index, which are known to be associated with higher mort... ... B., Hiller, R., Podgor, M. J., Sperduto, R. D., & Wilson, P. W. F. (1999). High intraocular pressure and survival: the Framingham studies. American Journal of Ophthalmology,128, 440-445. Gorin, G. (1977). Clinical glaucoma . New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Horn, F., Jonas, J. B., Junemann, A., Korth, M., Martus, P., & Wisse, M. (1998). A multivariate sensory model in glaucoma diagnosis. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 39, 1567-1573. Hoskins, H. D., Jr., & Kass, M. (1989). Beckner-Schaffer's diagnosis and therapy of the glaucomas (6th ed.). St. Louis: The C. V. Mosby Company. Lewis, S. H., & Brinzolamide Primary Therapy Study Group (1998). Clinical efficacy and safety of brinzolamide (azopt^tm), a new topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor for primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 126, 400- 408.

Employer Health Coverage: Cost Control Essay

Health insurance benefits are a large factor that employees consider when looking for employment. Employers are looking to provide insurance that is cost effective for the employer. Choosing what type of insurance to provide can have different effects on the profitability of the employer. Here is a comparison of the cost effectiveness of employer-sponsored health care and self-funded health plans. In employer-sponsored health plans the employer buys health insurance from an insurance company. The human resources department manages the group health plan (GHP) and they negotiate costs and different coverage plans with the insurance company and then select what is offered to the employees. This helps the employer save money by negotiating for deals and choosing what will be offered to employees. The employer can carve out specific items during negotiations, like prescription drug coverage in order to save money. GHP’s also include riders. These are certain options that the employ er doesn’t pay for. Riders are purchased by the employee directly from the insurance company to cover things like vision and dental services. GHP’s have open enrollment periods in which employees choose the coverage options they desire. This is the only time coverage changes can be made. Thus, the employer saves money during the year because insurances coverage isn’t constantly changing. Self-insured health plans are ones where they employer covers the cost of health benefits. This saves an employer money because they can set the premium rate on their claims history. Any money not used towards benefits can be saved and invested. If claims are above projected figures, stop-loss insurance will cover the difference not the company. Self-insured employers, many times will use third-party claims administrators. They are hired to collect premiums and to process and make claims. This saves the  company from the cost of performing these tasks themselves. Provider networks are doctors, health care workers and hospitals that accept the employer health plans. Most are contracted with the employer or insurance company to perform specific services at reduced rates. This saves the company money. Many times, if employees use out of network providers the cost difference is an out of pocket expense for the employee saving the company money. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) limits the ability of insurance companies and employers to deny benefits to employees (and their family members if applicable) because of preexisting conditions. This actually costs the company more money because they cannot deny benefits in most circumstances. Other state laws require employers to have a minimum standard of benefits for employees. This is called creditable coverage. This can also cost the employer more money because they have to adhere to a minimum standard of benefits for employees. Employer sponsored and fully funded insurance are two choices companies have to offer health insurance to employees. There are ways for employers to save money by what they allow to be offered to employees. State and Federal laws also demand certain coverage for employees. This leaves employees with many options to take into account when choosing an employer to work for.

Senior Management The Logistics Behind The Operation Of...

This report is a combination of many hours of research and analysis. It will endeavour to put forward to senior management the logistics behind the operation of the company. It will have aspects of leadership and employee participation. Processes of business performances and measurement. How tasks are accomplished and the need to develop relationships. Finally, it will put forward the value of an effective manager. As a manager I like to challenge my capabilities. I’m passionate about what I do and it effects others. My ENTHUSIASM and LEADERSHIP is a trait that others FOLLOW WILLINGLY. In a business, I have clear, set goals. I’m able to MOTIVATE people. Should something unforseen happen during a project, I overcome the obstacles in a calm manner. In all instances, a strong model LEADS BY EXAMPLE. A manager happy is always POSITIVE, has HIGH SELF ESTEEM and has a happy EFFICIENT team. By being an effective manager, the team strives for a successful outcome. They strive to do better. 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