Analysis of The World Bank’s Findings on Air Pollution Essay -- Pollut

Analysis of The area banks Findings on Air Pollution (PM10 Concentration) in domain of a function CitiesThe World Bank is an international non-governmental organization with the goal of aiding developing countries end-to-end the knowledge domain with financial and technical assistance. Besides the obvious concern of financial stability for the impoverished countries of the world, the World Bank excessively focuses on education, health, infrastructure, and communications. Our analysis deals with the environment and infrastructure aspects of the World Banks work. The World Bank provided us with the dataset entitled Air Pollution in World Cities (PM10 Concentration). PM stands for particulate matter pollution in the air. This dataset showed every major urban center in the world with a population of 100,000 or more and as well as every countrys PM concentration. The country-based portion of the dataset was apply for this analysis. The chief(a) determinants of PM concentration s are the scale and composition of economic activity, population, the energy mix, the capability of local pollution regulation, and geographic and atmospheric conditions that affect pollutant dispersion in the atmosphere. (World Bank) Thanks to economic improvements throughout the world and technological advancements, PM10 concentration has increase at a very slow rate. The objective of this analysis was to charm the pollution concentration of several regions throughout the world, including Africa, Asia, Australia/Oceania, Central America, atomic number 63, the Middle East, atomic number 7 America, and South America. Our original null hypothesis was that the of the pollution concentration of all(prenominal) region was equal. Conversely, the alternative hypothesis states that the of each region is not equal. We used se... ... show the discrepancy between region means, but it can also be physically observed when comparing the two extremes of Europe at 30.95 and Africa at 73.31 PM10 concentrations. It is obvious from the results of this analysis that the world has a wide drop of pollution effects. Traditionally more advanced regions such as Europe and North America have pollution under control because of a stable economy and a wide array of technological resources. new(prenominal) regions such as Africa and Central America are struggling with pollution, intercourse to more developed regions, improvements in technology and structural shifts (World Bank) in the world economy are helping these regions keep air pollution to a minimum.WORKS CITED1.The World Bank http//econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/0,,contentMDK20785646pagePK64214825piPK64214943theSitePK469382,00.html

Multigrade Classes

Multi- denounce command refers to the instruct of scholarly persons of disparate ages, physical bodys and abilities in the homogeneous group. It is referred to variously in the books as multilevel, multiple branch, composite class, vertical group , family classes, and, in the shield of maven-t for individu eachy oneer domesticate days, unitary schools. It is to be distinguished from mono- alumnus principle in which students inwardly the same ordinate are assumed to be much similar in terms of age and ability.However, substantial variation in ability within a grade practically leads to mixed-ability program line. There can also be wide variations in age within the same grade, especially in developing countries, where the age of entry to school varies and where grade repetition is common. This bod of multi-age-within-grade instruct appears not to bring forth generated such universal recognition, perhaps because it occurs much often in developing than in develo ped countries.The summary of experiences from Australia, Bangladesh, Peoples re everyday of China, India, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines and Thailand confirmed that primary curriculum documents and their associated lists of minimum catching competencies tolerate not been specifically designed for use by instructors in multi-grade schools school plans, instructional materials and methodological guidelines are often difficult to apply to multi-grade teaching situations in that respect is a shortage of support materials for teachers and individualised instructional materials for learners there is a need for to a greater extent scat on the kinds of continuous evaluation, diagnostic testing, remediation and feedback which would best assist multi-grade teaching and added that although many teachers have in multi-grade teaching situations few countries have developed special teacher fosterage curricula for pre- or in-service tra ining.Teaching practice during preservice is invariably carried out in mono-grade schools teachers stick on to teach in multi-grade schools develop a sort of psychological lunacy from the school the program lineal system as a upstanding pays misfortunate attention to the proper functioning of multi-grade schools through, for example, not filling vacant teaching positions in rural areas, the absence of systems of teacher accountability, a lack of staple physical facilities in these schools, lack of training for supervisors of multi-grade schools and a general heedlessness of education douricers to the needs of these schools Factors Contributing to the establishment of Multigrade Teaching * * Cultural factors * Socio-economic factors.* Benefits of multigrade teaching * Richer learn environment * Greater community involvement. Development of health competitor * Greater chthonianstanding between learners and educators Advantages and Challenges of Teaching Multi-level Classes When faced with the challenge of a multi-level schoolroom many teachers do not know where to start. They fear that the readiness will take much longer, and that the students will be more(prenominal) demanding. Schools that have multi-level classes often have limited budgets, and teachers may fear that they will not be paid for what they are worth. However, it is tho by looking at the advantages of the multi-level schoolroom and employing strategies to overcome the challenges, that teachers can achieve success.Advantages of Multi-level classrooms * Students are able to learn at their own pace * Students learn to build well in a group * Students flummox independent learners * Students develop strong relationships with their peers * Students become partners in knowledge Challenges of Multi-level classrooms * Finding withdraw teaching resources and material * Organizing appropriate groupings within the class * Building an effective self-access centre in the classroom * Determi ning the individual needs of each student * Ensuring that all students are challenged and kindle Teaching Method Strategies Experiment with different types of groupings to find the ones that work best.You may find that cross-ability pairs work best for certain types of activities, while like-ability slight groups work better for others. If possible, use a wide variety of groupings to lionise things interesting for your class. Use a simple schedule that is similar each day. Here is an example 1. Start with a warm-up that involves the whole group. 2. establish part of the class off into one type of grouping (i. e. pairs) and work with part of the class on a lesson, grammar point, or activity. 3. Break off the class into another type of grouping (i. e. fiddling groups) and have the other students use self-access materials. 4. Bring the class back together for a whole group activity/game.Isolate students within the class who are interested in peer tutoring. This doesnt have to be the student with the highest level of the subject. Your students who boil down somewhere in the middle may in fact be the most valuable to you, as they strive to attain a level of competency comparable to the most advanced students. Remind your students that the best style to practice and improve a new language is to teach it to soul else. Consider enlisting a volunteer. Limited budgets or low account are often the reasons behind multi-level classes. For this reason, it may be difficult to convince administrators or managers that you need a paid assistant. If you feel overwhelmed, consider hiring a volunteer.Finding someone who is interested in helping you with your preparation work and teaching may not be as difficult as you think. ARTICLES ABOUT MULTI-GRADE TEACHING/CLASSES Multigrade classes bring more children to school Friday 30th of parade 2012 PASIG CITY, March 30 &8212Will a teacher not apprehend class if there are just a few enrollees? Should a student drop out if th e school is far-off from home or there is not enough teachers and classroom? If you ask the department of Education, the answer is no because it continues to find ways to bring children to school in assign to complete their basic education. One of these is the holding of multigrade classes.A multigrade class is a class consisting of 2 or more different grade levels privileged a private grade classroom handled by one teacher for an entire school year. It is offered in elementary schools located in conflicting and sparsely-populated localities, a statement from DepEd said. Figures from DepEd show that there are close to a one thousand million enrollees in multigrade classes across the country. Education Secretary Armin Luistro said most of the students attention multigrade classes are learners who belong to isolated and poor communities, indigenous peoples or those who reside in far-flung mountains and islands where schools are far apart from each other. This is part of our thrust to democratize access to education and bring forth the learning experience inclusive to as many sectors.In effect, we are obstetrical delivery more students to school, he added. If a class does not tackle the inevitable bod of enrollees and therefore it is not viable to conduct a class of limited number of pupils, the supposed enrollees are merged into a single class and taught by one teacher, Luistro explained. The small number of students for each grade level the shortage of teachers the distance from the community to the nearest school and the lack of gold and classrooms are reasons that necessitate the organization of multigrade classes. In the Philippine public school system, classes with two grade levels inside a single classroom and handled by the same teacher is called combination classes.Those with third grade levels in one classroom and handled by a single teacher is called a multigrade or multi-level class. This gist that a multigrade classroom mixes child ren with different skills and abilities, different developmental levels and needs while working together under the guidance of one teacher. The truth is long before multi-tasking became a buzzword, our teachers were actually already backing up to the word, Luistro said. While DepEd has always recognize the existence of multi-grade classes it was only in 1990 that the department started to consider the formal organization and continuing operation of multigrade classrooms all over the country in keeping with the goal of Education For every (EFA).Thus, DepEd continues to invest in teachers training, curriculum development and in the preparation of learning materials appropriate for multi-grade classes to improve elementary education especially in underserved and outdoor(a) areas. (DepEd) More Than One Million Filipino Students Have Classmates At polar Grade Levels Academia March 30, 2012 The Philippine Department of Education says more than one million students are enrolled in mul tigrade classes, where three or more grade levels are taught by a single teacher. AsianScientist (Mar. 30, 2012) Should a teacher cancel a class if there are only a few enrollees? And should a student drop out if the school is far from home or if there are insufficent teachers and classroom? The Philippine Department of Education (DepEd) says no. Instead, it has found one way to solve this problem, by holding multigrade classes.In the Philippine public school system, classes with two grade levels inside a single classroom taught by the same teacher are called combination classes. Classes with three grade levels conducted in one classroom taught by a single teacher are called a multigrade or multilevel classes. Figures from DepEd show that there are close to a million enrollees in multigrade classes across the country. Education Secretary Armin Luistro said most of the students attending multigrade classes belong to isolated and financially challenged communities, are indigenous peo ples, and reside in far-flung mountains and islands where schools are far apart from each other. The small number of students for each grade level, the shortage of teachers, the distance from the community to the nearest school, and the nadequacy of funds and classrooms are reasons that necessitate the organization of multigrade classes, he explained. This means that children with different skills and abilities, developmental levels, and needs are mixed in a class under the guidance of one teacher. This is part of our thrust to democratize access to education and make the learning experience inclusive to as many sectors. In effect, we are bringing more students to school, Luistro explained. If a class does not meet the required number of enrollees and therefore it is not viable to conduct a class of limited number of pupils, the supposed enrollees are merged into a single class and taught by one teacher, he added.Although the DepEd has always recognized the existence of multigrade c lasses, it was only in 1990 that the department started to formally acknowledge multigrade classrooms, in keeping with the goal of Education For All. Source Philippine Department of Education. disavowal This article does not necessarily reflect the look ats of AsianScientist or its staff. A round on Multigrade Education by admin on Jan. 09, 2012 Multigrade teaching occurs within a graded system of education when a single class contains two or more student grade levels. It is contrasted with the usual pattern of classroom organization in graded systems where a single classroom contains students of only one grade level.In many graded systems, age and grade are congruent, so a grade level is also same to a particular age group of students. However, this may not be the case in systems where grade level satellite phones repetition and speedup are common. There are three important reasons why multigrade teaching may occur in both developed and developing countries. First, multigrading is often associated with small schools in remote and sparsely populated areas. In such schools, there may be only one, two or three teachers, yet they offer a complete musical rhythm of primary education. If that cycle consists of eight grade levels, then each of these teachers must deal with multigrade classes. These small schools are also sometimes referred to as multigrade schools.Multigrade schools have attracted attention in the developing country context because of their potential to increase primary school participation rates. By bringing the school closer to the community, they encourage more children, especially girls, into school. Second, multigrade teaching is also common in larger urban and suburban schools. In some countries, it is a response to uneven student enrollment. For example, a school with a two and a half grade entry may have to combine two grade levels to make up class sizes. Also, in countries where teacher absenteeism is high, and there is no get across, grades may be combined to avoid having a class with no teacher present. A single teacher then has to deal with two grade level groups together.Third, multigrade teaching may be a dig response to educational problems. In developed countries, this is linked to the multiage perspective. Proponents of mixed age grouping argue that there are sound pedagogical reasons for placing students of different ages together in the same classroom. Mixed age classes, it is argued, stimulate childrens social development and encourage greater classroom cooperation. These arguments are seldom raised in the developing country literature, although several commentators take the view that multigrade organized classes are potentially a cost effective means of providing quality education in difficult to reach areas.

Cultural Anthropology Midterm Study Guide

Anthropology 2 Midterm find bulge Guide Professor Li Zhang Midterm Date October 30, 2012 Week 1 What is the scope of pagan anthropology? Discuss its focus of inquiry, border on, and major changes everywhere cadence. ? heathen anthropology is c atomic number 18d with the nature and extent of well-disposed and ethnic residuals among different societies. direction on Inquiry why on that point ar different agri agricultures and how they came roughly and atomic number 18 affected or changing. Focus on Approach Approaches could be urban, govern manpowertal, legal, medical, psychological, environ wrickforcetal, feminist, and so on Goals ?Understanding how differences among societies atomic number 18 shaped. Understanding the unequal power dealings mingled with societies produced by compoundism, imperialism and contemporary global practices. ?To comp ar the perspectives of different societies and how distrisolelyively of them interprets the world. Changes in heatheni sh anthropology over time ?Used to be a way to proves inferiority of opposites and guarantee oppression and ethnocentrism. Now its just closely roughly being critical of inequality, ? We also do field subject ara in western, developed countries. ? there is to a greater extent globalization now. ?Early anthropology foc phthisisd on take oning isolated, tribal societies. ?Over time they began to study large urban industrial societies. right away the scope of cultural anthropology has expanded into various subdivisions, such as urban political, and medical. Comp atomic number 18 the deuce major domesticates of early anthropological thought British social anthropology and French morphologicism in terms of their autochthonic concern and focus. British favorable Anthropology ?Emerged in early 20th century. Main origin figure was Malinowski. ?Radcliffe-Br deliver, Evans-Pritchard, Gluckman, and Leach also were in-chief(postnominal) figures. ?Two theoretical foundations were functionalism and structural functionalism 0Functionalism Explanation of why certain social institutions constitute. rationalises the cultural responses to basic psyche c every last(predicate) for that argon biologic and/or physiological. 0Example coffin nailnibalism may be let offed by means of a survivalist function ?Structural Functionalism Concerned slight with individual needs and actions and to a greater extent with the put of the individuals in the social order. ?Figures out the relationship of individuals to the larger social embody. ?Example Cannibal Tours colonists arrived and stripped villages of sacred objects and introduced European m unmatch up to(p)tary dust to limit the villagers subordinateDuring these early years, social anthropology was deeply intertwined with the British colonial govern custodyt that provided the financial support for research and teaching in anthropology. The primary interest was in Africa to study their languages and generate knowledge or so their political and legal systems. French Structuralism ?Primary figure in school of thought is Levi Strauss. ?Foc workoutd on the elementary organizes of kinship, mythology, and language. ?Some concerns include the patterns or underlying structures and how seemingly un cerebrate unconvincinggs may genuinely be from a complex system of interrelated parts. Form is emphasizingd over content. ?The cozy logic of a culture and its relationship to the structures of valet de chambre comp any(prenominal) and human mind. Comparison ?Both schools of thought be concerned with studying the structure and layout of the alliance. ?British social anthropology is concerned more with the relation of the individual to society dapple French structuralism is concerned with how individuals are connected to iodine an many other(a) to form the society (mythologies, language, human mind). Week 2 How does Edward Taylor fix culture? Discuss the four key aspects of culture by pr oviding peerless example for each aspect. Examples tolerate be drawn from the readings, films, or other sources including your consume observation. British anthropologist Edward Taylor defines culture as a complex completely in all which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by a man as a member of society. The four elements of culture are 1. Culture is intimate. ?Culture can be learned consciously and unconsciously through interacting and imitating the heap virtually us. It can happen in informal settings such as your home, or formal places like churches and schools. Example as children we learn to imitate speech communication we hear adults speak and learn to speak the language. Proper etiquette is taught by expression at how others be necessitate or from interacting with mint who teach it to them. 2. Culture is portion outd. ?Members of a group share common beliefs, values, memories, and hope. ?Example American culture is place with individualism, season Chinese culture is identified with collectivism. This difference can be seen through the forage and meals they choose. Americans unremarkably dont like to share their meals and order individual plates dapple the Chinese typically share their food and eat family-style. Example Eating Christmas in the Kalahari by Richard downwind 0For Christmas, Lee buys the largest ox to show his gratitude for the Bushmens hospitality during his stay. He becomes confused when everyone in the village says that the ox he bought was no good and that is has no sum on it. 0In Bushmen village, it is part of their culture and tradition to insult each other so that state dont become arrogant. Lee learned this by asking the Bushmen about it, showing how culture is shared by communication and interaction. 3. Culture is symbolic. Creation of culture dep stops on the humans ability to use symbols and be able to shoot symbolic thought. ?We are able to give meaning to a thing or display case and grasp the meaning. It can be arbitrary and conventional and depends on the social context that is widely accepted by society. However, the context can interchange for each society. ?Examples -McDonalds has become a symbol of fast food and pathological eating in America, but it is viewed as high class and current in China. ?Colors tend to catch symbolic meanings attached to them. rubor represents love, yellow represents behavior, black represents death, etc. . Culture is dynamic. ?Culture isnt a static cage to lock pack in. It is whateverthing that changes over time. ?People use their culture creatively and actively instead of rigidly following the rules. ? in that location are some differences in culture between groups and societies, but the differences arent absolute. ?Cultural hybridization allows different cultural traditions and practices to merge together. 0Examples Food culture fusion of food features a combination of diff erent elements of cultures from all over the world. Western psychotherapy combines Buddhist meditation with western psychology.What is ethnocentrism? Why is it ruffianly? In your discussion, draw examples from either Bohannans Shakespeare in the Bush or the film Cannibal Tours. How would a diffusionist argue against ethnocentrism? Ethnocentrism is the tendency to use ones own culture as a yardstick to throwaway other cultural practices and beliefs. Tendency for citizenry to see their own culture as superior and natural. People hold judgments according to their own cultural lens, giving them a narrow perspective they see all other cultures as inferior to theirs.Examples Cannibal Tours The western tourists continuously differentiated the natives lifestyle to their own and saw their culture as primitive and patronagewards. They saw the natives as godforsaken and poor people who lacked the technology they possessed back at home. Bohannans Shakespeare in the Bush While reading th rough Hamlet, both the fibber and the audience exhibit ethnocentrism. What Bohannan took for granted and viewed as common sense were things that the elders did non understand because it didnt exist in their culture.Ghosts and the afterlife did non exist in the natives culture, and young people should non fleck against their elders. Elders agelessly made remarks about the play as if they knew what was going on, accept that they were telling her the true meaning of Hamlet and how her interpretation of Hamlet is very wrong. According to Franz Boas, no culture is pure and authentic. Instead, cultural boundaries are poriferous and cultural exchanges select long existed in human societies. 0Diffusionism shows that all cultures are interrelated to one some other, so ethnocentrism does not exist. In Ralph Lintons wizard Hundred Percent American, he shows that cultures are not 100% from their own country and that culture is diffused and adapted by various places as part of their c ulture. What is cultural relativism? Discuss its pros and cons. What is your concord on it? Support your short letter with evidence and analysis. Cultural Relativism is the view opposite of ethnocentrism believes that one shouldnt try out the values and practices of other people according to their own standards. The main base is to see things from the slur of view of those who live their lives.This allows the anthropologist to fully appreciate another culture. Pros ?Objective approach in doing research military services anthropologists another culture more thoroughly. ?Promotes unity between cultures and between groups of people in general since it would help people respect and understand each other. Cons ?Helps justify controversial practices such as fe staminate genitalia mutilation, cannibalism, animal sacrifice, etc. *I am of the opinion that cultural relativism is an important philosophy to apply to any anthropological research, however a delicate balance must always arr ive at to be maintained.To me, respect should always be asserted, but human rights should have authority over political correctness. -malinowski According to Malinowski, what is a holistic approach to doing ethnographic research and why is it important? What constitutes the proper conditions for ethnographic fieldwork? Explain three primaeval ethnographic techniques (dont just list them, but explain in greater detail). A holistic approach in doing ethnographic work is to understand a culture as a whole and all aspects are connected/intertwined and must be dumb in relation to one another. The goal of the ethnographer should be to provide an fig of the culture, understand the facts and sit the focus into a broader context. You must understand that all the small institutions of a culture, such as religion, education, kinship, are all related to one another in order to grasp the meaning as a whole. The proper conditions for ethnographic fieldwork is to observe the details of the nat ives family and communal life by staying as close in contact with them as mathematical and cutting yourself off from the company of anyone else other than the natives.You must immerse yourself into the local society for a long duration because there is a difference between sporadic plunging into the company of the natives and really living with them and connecting with them. Three central ethnographic techniques 1. Observation and participant observation. ?Careful and detailed observation is important to collect data to answer questions, which requires a lot of patience. ?You should try to be objective and keep away from any bias thoughts or else the hoard data pass on be compromised.You must also remember to be invisible and make true they dont know they are being observed or else the data will be inaccurate. ? histrion observation is when you participate in eventidets with the natives in order to analyze and take notes. 0This allows you to get closer to the natives and helps you to better understand their culture through your scram and interaction with them. 2. Interviews. ?Interviews involve asking several(prenominal) individual questions to get a better understanding of the culture from a natives point of view. The goal of the interviews is to see a pattern that emerges in the answers you receive. ?Interviews can be informal, semi-structured, or structured. ?Informal interview an interview that doesnt follow a straight schedule and takes advantage of the opportunity when it arises. ?Semi-structured / structured interview interviews that are aforethought(ip) out with the questions you want to ask written down and planned beforehand. 0Semi-structured interviews may have some open ended questions. 0Interviews are the to the highest degree effective method and are the core of ethnographic research. When you interview people you know, you may get introduced to people that you could possibly interview, and you can therefore hoard up up more data and opinions for your research. This is called the snowballing effect. 3. Key informants and life histories. ?Also called cultural consultants. These people are important figures that are able to give you more insight and information in various aspects of a culture. 0They are the some people who are willing to tell you more and explain in clear details while incorporating their personal experience to help you understand.Key origin Someone you build an amicable relationship with, who acts as a typical of the culture. Generally someone in a high position who will be able to explain the ins and outs of the culture from an intimately inform POV. What are the core issues in the edict of ethics for anthropologists (discuss at least three)? Why is it important to follow them? The three core issues in the code of ethics for anthropologists include 1. Full disclosure. ?It is important for the anthropologist to be open and honest to the people s/he is studying. Must inform them of every aspe ct of the study and any consequences that may happen as a bequeath of the study. 2. conscious Consent. ?The people being studied must be well communicate about the procedure, and the anthropologist must have them sign a paper or ask for verbal consent before proceeding with the study. 0This is to make sure that they have fully agreed to the terms and have proof that they have willingly volunteered themselves. 3. Potential Harm. 0It is the anthropologists duty to inform the subject of any consequential harm that may come to them. The anthropologist must ensure not to harm safety, dignity, or privacy of any parties involved. ?It is important to follow the code of ethics in order to avoid any lawsuits and also to make sure that the people being studied are well informed and know exactly what they are signing up for so that no harm will come to them. Week 4 Today near anthropologists recognize that race is a social shit that does not have a biological reality. Discuss how Boas and M ontagu each defend this view. What evidence from unexampled genetics does the film Race The Power of an Illusion provide to progress support this position?Franz Boas also referred to as the Father of American Anthropology, dialog about race as a social construction in his paper, Mind of Primitive Man ? He believes that racial groups never existed, and that races are not as pure as we imagine them to be because migration patterns in the onetime(prenominal) intertwined cultures together and give rised diverse groups of people. ?Boas talks about purity and boundedness, stating that biological significance is only possible when races have uniform, closely inbred groups where family lines are alike. However, these conditions cant be achieved with humans, especially in large populations. He also argues about the instability of populations, meaning that the physical and psychological attributes of people are dynamic and fluctuate constantly to adapt to various circumstances. 0The biol ogical, linguistic, and cultural traits of people are the product of historical development and the environment. Ashley Montagu in her article, The construct of Race in the Human Species in the Light of Genetics, uses the idea of prep an omelet as a metaphor for the making of race. 0When an omelet is made, the end result may all look the same, but the ingredients used to make the omelet may vary.This is the basis for the anthropological view of race in that although groups of people may have different appearances and characteristics, everyone is essentially the same. 0His disputation is found on modern genetics, stating that no two humans are genetically identical to one another, therefore races cannot categorize groups of people since they dont share the same genetic background. Racial characteristics are artificial and have no genetic base. Example of the use of modern genetics in the film, Race The Power of an Illusion. In the film, a group of students performed an experiment to compare genetic similarities to other classmates using blood samples, skin color, and saliva swaps. The result of the experiment turned out to be different from what they expected. The students found that their genes were most similar to people they least expected, and that there was no correlation between their genetic patterns and their skin color. Dr. Richard Lewontin, with the use of gel electrophesis, found that 85% of all variations among humans are between individuals of the same local population. There is as much difference between two individuals of the same race as there is between individuals of different races, so race cant be determined biologically. What is scientific racialism? Why is it flawed and insidious? Use one of the examples discussed in the lecture to support your argument (Morton versus Gould or The Bell Curve). How do anthropologists understand sexuality and patriarchy? Provide two examples (from the lecture or your own observation) to show that gender roles change from society to society and from time to time.Scientific Racism is the attempt to prove scientifically that some races are not just different, but superior to others. 0Scientific techniques and observations are usually utilized to prove this belief but the collected data is usually inaccurate and tainted with racist beliefs. Example Dr. Samuel George Morton versus Stephen J. Gould. Samuel George Morton attempted to prove that some races were superior to others by measuring the skulls of people of different races, He believed that the cranial capacity of the skulls would tell how intelligent people were. His results concluded that white people were the superior race among other groups, because his criterions showed that they had the largest skulls compared to the others. ?Stephen J. Gould repeated the research and found several errors with Mortons conclusion. 0Morton manipulated his data by including more female skulls for blacks than for whites, so the measurement for the skulls of the blacks turned out to be smaller. 0When Gould measured again fairly, the average size of a black persons skull turned out to be much larger than the skull of a white persons. The data was manipulated because of Mortons bias. His beliefs caused him to already have the results in mind that he wanted, regardless of what is actually true. Example The Bell Curve 0A book written by Richard J. Hernstein and Charles Murray argues that blacks lease inferior genes of intelligence compared to whites, and so they naturally score lower on IQ tests. Their low IQ scores are what prevent the blacks from attaining a higher level job, and it is also because of their low intelligence that they have a higher crime rate. The controversy that comes with this claim is that if the government agrees with it, then the blacks should not receive social wel far-offe for their low-income families because they are genetically inferior. Scientific racism is usually incorrectly proven using data that has been deliberately neutered to support bias beliefs, so the results are not accurate. The danger that can result from this if it is actually proven, the groups may be neglected or abused, or at the very least treated with social injustice. Gender solely the traits that a culture assigns to and indicates in men and women. It is a social construct of male and female characteristics and roles. ?Gender differences come from culture alternatively than biology. ? patriarchy A social and political system rule by men in which women have inferior social and political status. 0Females are carried out as subordinates to men in this system. Most common in lineal societies (involving counting the descent line of the fathers line, which includes airscrew inheritance, names, titles, etc. ) Examples of gender roles changing between societies and through time ?Forager/hunter and accumulator register societiesThis type of society shows a typical gender division of labor. work force we re responsible for hunting and fishing while women were responsible for gathering fruits and nuts. hands would usually bring in more food than women, so the men had a higher social rank in these societies. When women are the ones to rear more food, then the women would have an equal relationship with the men. ?Agriculture societies hands are assigned to heavy labor such as plowing the field, while women are responsible for domestic work, child rearing, and light far work around the house. These societies tend to have a stronger gender inequality. industrial societies Gender roles in industrial societies tend to change over time in response to economic conditions and social climates. Before the 1900s, it was common for men, women, and children to work in factories. Things began to change in the 1900s with the large influx of immigrants that increased the male labor force and also brought up ideas that women werent fit to work in the factories and should stay home and take care of the kids instead, During WW2, things changed again as men are drafted into the military and women began working in factories again to drive the gap.The womens return to the factory was received in a confident(p) notion and was even viewed as patriotic. What are gender stereotypes? What is the role of advert in making and reinforcing gender stereotypes and normalcy? Draw two cover examples from the film (Killing US Softly) in your discussion. Gender stereotypes oversimplified however strongly held ideas about the characteristics of men and women. Advertisements mainly target women and girls about beauty and the ideal body they should have, as well as a childlike / quiet demeanor. many an(prenominal) girls express the concern of being fat, and the number one wish of girls between the age of 11-17 is to be thinner. ?Most of the people who suffer from eating disorders are girls who are self-conscious and obsessive about their body. Examples in Killing us Softly ?Ads of women of color tend to show them with animal prints which turn them into animals rather than human beings. ?Ads about women who lost weight typically say they were able to get married because they lost weight.This gives the idea that women who are fat likely wont ever get married, and this serves to lower womens self-esteems even further and increase their drive to become skinnier and purchase products to expedite the process. ?Images of thin women are often used to silence women and put them down. ?Ads show pictures of women exhibiting passive voice body language such as their hands over their mouths and faces. ?When there is an ad of a man and a woman, the man is usually taller and is feeling down at the woman, while the woman looks up and smiles compliantly. This encourages female compliance to men and conveys the message that women should be quiet and obedient. According to Martins article, how do stereotypical gender roles shape scientific accounts of the egg- spermatozoon romance? S tereotypical gender roles shape scientific accounts by how the sperm and the egg are exposit and how they function. ?The sperm is described as masculine, active, agile, and penetrating, while the egg is described as passive, feminine, fragile and dependent. ?The egg is portrayed as a damsel in distress who waits quietly in a still spot for her cavalry in shining armor, the sperm, to fight his way to her. The female reproductive system is seen as wasteful and a failure while the male reproductive system is seen as productive. ?Scientists question why women are born with so many eggs only to have most of it go to waste, yet the dont consider the excessive amount of sperm men create as a waste. ?New research found that the sperms arent that forceful and what actually matters is that the surface of the egg is what traps the sperm, showing that eggs are more active than previously thought. This shows that the relationship between the egg and the sperm is interactive. Even with this ne w research, the egg is still viewed in a grim light. ?The more active role of the egg is seen as too vulturine and the reproductive system of women as a dangerous place since it tries to annihilate sperm cells that enter it. How does Ortner explain why women are universally put in an inferior position to men? Do you agree with her argument? Why or why not? Support your view with evidence. Ortner argues that the supremacy of women is a universal idea by referring to how a lot of anthropological literatures show accounts of how women are devalued in society. Symbolic acts of women are believed to justify their inferior role. Menstruation is considered a symbolic act that restricts the freedom of women. During a womens menstruation period, she was not allowed to come near sacred objects because of the fear that she might contaminate them. Menstruation was believed to be a threat of warfare. ?Social and political structures also serve to affect the status of women in societies, and move out women from participating in areas with people of high authority. ?Women are associated with nature while men are associated with culture, and culture is typically viewed as superior to nature.Men use their creativity to create technology and symbols that are transcendental and last for eternity, while women are restricted by their natural duties that involve reproduction and creating life. devastation of life by men has more prestige and is viewed as transcendental, while creation of life by women is regarded as less important. The things that men create last forever while what women produce are doomed to die. The originator why women are associated with nature more is because of their physiology, social role, and psyche. ?No I do not agree with Ortner.I believe that these views are socially constructed, and that weve evolved past them. Week 5 What are the five different economic systems in the world? Define each briefly. ?Forager hunting and gathering moving from place to place gender roles due to unequal division of labor, egalitarian (old people are respected). ?Horticulture Cultivation with simple tools, fields not permanent property (slash and burn) mobility, depend on rainfall. ?Agriculture Use animals for food and labor. These groups are less mobile, live in larger and more permanent settlements, and use advanced(a) irrigation systems. Pastoral Focus on domesticated animals for food nomadic. ?Industrial motorise forces, factories, and technology for mass production increased population density. Briefly explain the three basic principles that govern exchanges according to Karl Polanyi. ?The Market Principle summate and Demand, Capitalism. Coffee beans they were selling. Export of crop. ?Redistribution Socialism Goods move from local level to mettle taxation, welfare. Redistributing the pigs and wealth within the people. ?Reciprocity exchange between those who are socially equal ( empower economies) want to give back.What is a moral econom y? What is a system of total service defined by Marcel Mauss? ? honorable Economy A type of economy in which economic activities are an integral part of social relations and moral obligations. Economic and non-economic activities and institutions are embedded in one another. Economic activities and exchange systems are governed by conceptions of social justice, norms, and expectations. ?Systems of total service The exchange is not solely about property and wealth, but also about the social and moral obligations. intermit of the more general and enduring contract.According to Marcel Mauss, why does a gift have the special power to cause its recipient to pay it back? ?The Power Gifts are never free, so they give rise to interactive exchanges. The giver does not merely give an object, but also a part of him/herself. This intrinsic bondage weighs on the conscience of the recipient. What is potlatch? How do pathos Benedict, Marcel Mauss, and Marvin Harris explain why potlatch exists ? ?Potlatch means to give away, or a gift it is a festival ceremony, and its goal is to give away felicity and wealth more than the rival. Explanations 0Ruth Benedict Driven by obsession with prestige and status, (because the more that you give the more prestige you claim). 0Marcel Mauss Compelled by reciprocity, (responding to a positivistic action with another positive action, rewarding kindness). 0Marvin Harris Serves an economic purpose (rational cultural adaptation). Says that potlatch is a logical cultural mechanism. Says that participating in potlatches creates a constant flow of goods. Serves as an economic purpose, human social life is a response to practical problems of earthly existence.

Italy embraces Welsh Literature Essay

The Italians have fallen for welch literature, if the trend of publication (18 books in 9 years with more to follow) has anything to go by. However, its not exactly a sudden connoisseurship that this country, an usual contributor of Arts and literature, is bent on to prove. It has more to do with the lodge that developed through the migration of a chunk of Italians to Wales in the 20th Century, anyways having somewhat similar appetite for Romantic art and culture.The latest from the cheat stable are, The Canals of Mars ( meter collection) by Patrick McGuinness, Minhinnick (anthology of contemporary Welsh poetry), The Prince of Wales (a novel on modern Cardiff) by John Williams and Y Pla (The Plague, a novel) by William Owen Roberts. Thus, translations are doing fine with experts in zone like Andrea Bianchi and Silvana Siviero, who are translating their eleventh book from Wales. Bianchis own poetic prowess joined with Ms Sivieros 13 years of on the soil experience.High on success, they have branded their works as Parole dal Galles (Geiriau O Gymru). Close on the heels are six other publishers. The literary clip from the University of Venice through its Welsh Literature Section, also provides encouragement. With three volumes of poetry by Robert in the pipe line, along with publishing prospect of the books by poets Gillian Clarke and John Barnie or the novelist Caradog Prichard, both the market and its producers are upbeat most the future.The poet, Gwyneth Lewis or Sioned Puw Rowlands, the director of Welsh Literature Abroad all put this enthusiasm to the orchestrated effort produced by the parties from both the sides, save the Italian readers interest, which they have already proved by their rousing reception to the novelist Trezza Azzopardi.

King’s major course of action Essay

world-beaters major course of action throughout all of his employment was nonviolence, and he was a state of warded The Nobel Peace Prize for his work. The war itself-importance was a betrayal of the Statess moral obligation, parented by media portrayals of what is just for our area. nance expressed that our savour continues to diminish as we diminish humanity across the world. His motive was for our rabble to stop thinking in terms of our nations as a unmatched body, and to think of our nation as a model that embraces the join of man ( pouf, 1967).He required Americans to see the Vietnamese as our brothers and sisters and gave shrewdness on the experience of the Vietnamese as people not enemies. King spoke of our complete funding handed to the French so they whitethorn advance in control of these people. He proclaimed that America is a victim of Western arrogance for rejecting the revolutionary government seeking self determination in Vietnam (Spence, 2009). King told us their story of devastation. He describe our close of their resources. War efforts contri notwithstandinged to the loss of crops, tainted water supplies, and the demoralized the Vietnamese people in their efforts for survival during a time of great low-down (Spence, 2009).King make it clear that the destruction of the Vietnamese culture was intertwined with the destruction of our own culture. He proclaimed that our troops were sent on a false precedence that only furthered agendas of our nations wealthy. Their agenda led our oppressed solders to finish as they killed those oppressed in Vietnam. The propaganda in acquiring a be dog status in the eyes of other nations mocked our pursuit. Our leaders could not articulate our purpose for being in Vietnam. A Great Buddhist leader commented that America was no longer revolutionary and democratic but the image of violence and militarism (Spence, 2009).For over 5,000 years we have built empires and maintained a rich get richer mentality . We have seen those with wealth as models to mother our own successes. We have left those who have required aid the more or slight behind to further our own successes. We have only risen to map of hope when we reap the highest benefits. The United States is trapped in an Imperial  brain those not for our agenda are against our agenda. This way of thinking is dangerous and leads to chaste Autism.Imperial Consciousness may have the social intelligence to spot it is easiest to steal from those who self-assurance you, but lack the moral capacity to secernate that to do so constitutes a wrong in itself and destroys the fabric of trust essential to healthy social relationships (Korten, 2006).Beyond Vietnam lays the ground work for this tame of thought not in a way that we should adopt it, but the urgency to abandon it. Kings tongue captures the momentum needed for our nation to mature. King sought for our nations people to be true examples of revolutionaries. He demanded w e abolish thoughts that privilege is earned and realize it is inherent. He asked we believe in people most disadvantaged and stop tucking them down the stairs our nations blanket of shame. The inherent shame is our own complacency in these matters and our brain washed minds that comply with the thinking that we do not matter or have the capacity to understand the complexity of decisions made by our own power structures.It can be said that Kings substance was to end the war, and it was. He projected ending the war was essential and gave a list on how.  End to all bombing in Vietnam unilateral cease fire prevention of battle yard in Southeast Asia recognition of the National Liberation Front a set date from removal of all foreign forces from Vietnam in abidance with the 1954 Geneva Convention granting of asylum to Vietnamese suffering persecution and the payment of reparations for constipation done (Spence, 2006).He also described what could be done at home, stating we should continue to protest and stay active within our churches. While his message was to end the war, it was a stepping stone in the right direction for our nations obligation, honor and integrity.Layer by layer embedded in his speech King ask Americans to make a worthy change. As our nation evolves and advances in wealth, industry, technology, the market and free trade with other nations we hang in stagnant in social and cultural advances. We have lost locoweed in the power of our people and all people. We have without question remained close children of our empirical society only to watch our brothers and sisters fall, and when they fall we march to the simulation that it is somehow their fault and their fault alone. We continually fault each in our race to the top.Kings message is not a memo to the individual but a mass informant. We essential change our institutions and how they condense us. We must stop tonicitying at our nonprofit organizations as less worthy because the y are stated as not making a profit in our capitalist society. We must stop losing sight of our causes to aim grant monies that slightly sway our causes. We must advance people in areas of expertise that are directly connected to the people in which they service. We must put check marks on markets and free trade. We must plow about the woman in the third world nation that makes our clothing or computer parts. We must demand that people are our highest goodness and put above a precedent of all things material. We must look at all people as our people.Beyond Vietnam is a speech that should be resurfaced again and again. Martin Luther Kings words take you to the foregone and reflect the present in a way that sends chills through your soul, and if youre a person of any feeling and some intellect, it will heighten your very being. Be prepared for a journey before you engage, for such insight can cause anger, regret, and shame. Do not cling to these emotions. MLK has wedded each an d everyone exposed to his message, a gift. He presents us with precision secluded by our meticulously wrapped ideology. One would think as a nation we would share his plea for humanity, instead we rewrap adding layer upon layer. We bury his gift only to become systematic. Together we are robotic, uniformed servants of the power elite.

Reflective Account Essay

inst altogetherationThis assignment al woeful for evidence a detailed account ground on an experience in my molybdenum year community send placement. The cloth I shall be utilise to ricochet is Gibbs (1988) theoretical account of mirror image. Within this model be six phases incorporated into a cycle. Each phase will allow me to think systematically about the experience and identify atomic number 18as where engagefulness is postulate. This pondering account will incorporate the Scottish Patient safety Programme (SPSP) aim to Prevent Pressure Ulcers (SPSP, n.d.a). Pressure ulcers ar define as an area of damage to the skin and underlying tissue that is ca employ by unrelieved pressure, friction and/or sheer forces (Posnett and Franks, 2008).The SPSP is co-ordinated by Health thrill service Scotland (HIS) and aims to mitigate uncomplaining safety and reduce adverse events. (SPSP. n.d.b). This aim is relevant to the spacious-suffering convolute in this experien ce as they are a high hazard of deviseing a pressure ulcer thusly maintainative measures need to be addressed. To ensure privacy and confidentiality in congruity with the Nursing and midwifery Council (NMC, 2012a), I prolong renamed this patient Mathew for the character of this assignment. ex platformationMathew is an 82 year old man who recently suffered a angle of dip within his national and was admitted to hospital with a fractured hip and subsequently had to suck up a total hip replacement. Mathew was discharged from hospital back to his home with the business of District Nurses levying him on a daily soil to administer his Clexane injection. Due to Mathews blemish his mobility has been compromised and has subsequently become incontinent. During our rootage visit with Mathew my mentor asked me to carry out a Waterlow assessment with him. This son of a arcminutech is a scoring system which identifies if a patient is at risk of exposure of developing a pressure u lcer (HIS, 2009). As the score was preceding(prenominal) 10 Mathew was deemed at risk. Both my Mentor and I discussed with Mathew regarding his risk level, we pointed a pressure In this assignment, I need to reflect on the situation that taken place during my clinical placement to develop and utilize my social aptitudes in order to maintain the curative relationships with my patient.In this materialisation, I am going to use Gibbs (1988) ruminative bike. This model is a recognized framework for my reflection. Gibbs (1988) consists of six stages to complete one cycle which is able to advance my nursing enforce continuously and development from the experience for punter practice in the succeeding(a). The cycle starts with a description of the situation, attached is to analysis of the feelings, deuce-ace is an evaluation of the experience, fourth stage is an analysis to make thought of the experience, one-fifth stage is a conclusion of what else could I gull fin ished and nett stage is an action plan to place if the situation arose again (NHS, 2006). Bairdand pass (2005, p.156) hold back almost reasons why reflection is require in the reflective practice. They affirm that a reflect is to generate the practice knowledge, assist an might to conform new situations, develop egotism and satisfaction as well up as to value, develop and professionalizing practice.However, Siviter (2004,p.165) beg off that reflection is about gaining self-confidence, identify when to repair, perk uping from own mistakes and behavior, looking at early(a) people perspectives, creation conscious and improving the future tense by watch all overing the past. In my context with the patient, it is signifi piece of tailt for me to improve the therapeutic relationship which is the think of-patient relationship. In the therapeutic relationship, there is the therapeutic resonance establish from a sense of want and a joint conceiveing exists between a nurse and a patient that develop in a special link of the relationship (Harkreader and Hogan, 2004, p.243). (Peplau 1952, citedin Harkreader and Hogan 2004, p.245) none that a untroubled contact in a therapeutic relationship builds trust as well as would raise the patients self-esteem which could lead to new in the flesh(predicate) growth for the patient.Be cheeks, (Ruesch 1961, cited in Arnold and Boggs 2007, p.200) comment the purpose of the therapeutic intercourse is to improve the patients ability to function. So in order to establish a therapeutic nurse-patient interaction, a nurse essential interpret up caring, sincerity, empathy and trustworthiness (Kathol, 2003, p.33). Those attitudes could be expressed by promoting the useful conference and relationships by the implementation of interpersonal adroitnesss. Johnson (2008) define the interpersonal dexteritys is the total ability to herald hard-hittingly with other people. Chitty and disastrous (2007, p.218) nur ture that discourse is the exchange of information, thought and ideas via vocal and non- literal which both(prenominal) pre control condition simultaneously. They explain that verbal chat is consists of all speech whereas non-verbal colloquy consists of gestures, postures, facial expressions, footmark and level of volume.Thus, in my reflection in this assignment would be discussed on my development of therapeutic relationship in the circumstance of the nurse-patient relationship victimization the interpersonal expertnesss. My reflection is about one patient whom I commandment her as Mrs. A, non a real name(Appendix I) to protect the confidentiality of patients information (NMC, 2004).In this paragraph I would describe on the event takes place and describe that event during my clinical placement. I was on the fe staminate psychiatrical ward having a 2 weeks clinical placement for mental health dole out in semester 3.Generally, there were two separated psychiatric wa rds which were male psychiatric ward and female psychiatric ward just both wards were sharing the small cafeteria in the area of psychiatric ward. The psychiatric wards were locked up from one main entrance. In the ward, the female psychiatric patients were encouraged to laissez passer out from the female ward and combine with the male psychiatric patients at the small cafeteria during their meal time.During luncheon, I noniced one lady was excuse sitting on her bed. She was Mrs. A, 76 years old been diagnosed a schizophrenia. She was unable to control the muscle besides called tremor due to lack of the chemical substance as she was having a side effect of antipsychotic medication which was a Parkinsonism (Sahelian, 2005). She could not walk herself and need to be assisted if she cute to stand or walk. So I took the Mrs. As lunch meal and provide on the bed. This old lady was unable to commissariat on her own. So I checked her diet and served her meal. I fed her meal unti l finished. In this paragraph, I would discuss on my feelings or idea that took place in the event happened. Before I started to run away her, I introduced myself and approached Mrs. A. So I well-tried to build a frank rapport with her as I do not want her to feel curious as I was not her family members or her relatives. My startle approached was to her was to ask whether she cute or refused to take her lunch.She was on soft diet as she was having a difficulty in swallowing or dysphasia. Then I asked her permission to provender her. She looked at me and looked like blur. In this situation, I showed up my emphatic listening as I put myself in her shoes and assuming I was having a hearing riddle. According to Wold (2004, p73) the emphatic listening is about the willingness to render the other person not just judging the persons fact. Then, I touched her shoulder, kept saying, and raise my tone a bit because I was afraid if she had a hearing trouble. At the same time, I did somebody gesturers which could be interpreted an action of eating. I paused, repeated my actions merely this time I was using some simple words in the patient dialect. Then she looked at me again and nodded her transfer. Fortunately the body gesturers alike attentioned me in the conversation with her. In the meantime, I was thinking whether the first actors line was not her mother tongue precisely I kept myself spread abroad verbally with her including using my body gesturers and facial expression. Body gesturers and facial expressions are referred as a non-verbal talk (Funnellet al , 2005, p.443).In my thinking, I unavoidable to handle louder and know more words in her wrangle so that she could understand and interpret of my actions towards her. I thought of the language hindrance that breaks our verbal parley. Castledine (2002, p.923) mention that the language barrier arises when there are somebodys comes from a polar social background use their own slang or phr ases in the conversations. Luckily, those powericular body gesturers could make her understand that I was going to feed her lunch. During the feeding I maintained the eye contact as I do not want her to feel shy. This is because my eye contact could show up my interest to encourage her in feeding. This is supported by Caris-Verhallenet al (1999) which mentioned that the direct of eye contact could express a sense of fire the person to the other person involves in that conference. In the meantime I communicated with my best with her do that she felt up up comfortable. As a result, she gave a good cooperation and enjoyed the meal until finished.In my evaluating, I feel I make the adept decision to accompany and assist Mrs. A in feeding. Furthermore, I could develop my nurse-patient relationship. Although McCabe (2004, p.44) would describe it as a task-centered communication as one of the crock up caused the lack communication among nurses, but I think my nurse-patient relatio nship communication both involved a good patient-centered communication and task-centered communication. In my personal opinion, I attended to Mrs. A as a patient to show my empathy because she was unable to feed herself. It was also as my duty to feed her so that I could make sure the patient get the best conduct in the ward. So my involvement in this nurse-patient relationship does not simply restrict to the task-centered communication because (Burnard 1990, and Stein-Parbury 1993, cited in McCabe 2002, p.44) define attending as a patient-centered process as wells as to fulfill the basic conditions as a nurse to provide the genuineness, warmth and empathy towards the patient.I was able to improve my non-verbal communication skills in my conversation with her during the feeding. As she was having a hearing problem and could not communicate in the first language properly, so the non-verbal communication plays a purpose. Caris-Verhallen et al (1999, p.809) verbalize that the non-verbal communication becomes Coperni passel when communicating with the ancient people who develop a hearing problem. Hollman et al (2005, p31) suggests some effective ways to maximize the communication with hearing impairment people such as always gains the persons attention to begin with speaking, conspicuous yourself to prevent them feel frighten and try to use some crank touch. I feel this is a good experience to me because I learn to develop my non-verbal communication. I used most of the body gesturers because of the language barrier was being a gap in my conversation with Mrs. A. She could speak truly limited in the first language so I tried to speak in her dialect. Furthermore, Wold (2004, p.76) mention that gesturers are one specific fiber of non-verbal communication intended to express ideas and are useful for people who cannot use much words.However I also used my facial expressions to interpret her to finish the meal. It might be not so delicious because she withdraws the meal after few scopes but I smiled and assured Mrs. A that it was good for her health to finish her meal. In addition, the facial expressions are most communicatory which are not limited to certain cultural and age barriers (Wold, 2004,p.76). thereof my facial expression worked out to encourage her to finish the meal. Although I could not explain detail to her about the important nutrition diet that she should take, but I could advocate her to finish the meal served because the meal was prepared consort to her condition. In order to analysis of the event, I could evaluate that, my communication skills are truly important to provide the best nursing forethought to Mrs. A. My communication with Mrs.A was the interpersonal communication. This is because the interpersonal communication is a communication which involved of two persons (Funnell et al 2005, p.438). I realized that my nonverbal communication did admirer me a lot in my duty to provide the nursing care to Mrs. A. Even though she could understand few simple words when I was ask her but I noticed that one of the problems emits within the communication was the language barrier. As the patient was not using the official language and the second language, I tried to speak in her language. I noneffervescent could manage the communication in our conversation. However, it was quite difficult to promote the effective verbal communication with the patient. Besides, White (2005, p.112) recommend that a nurse should learn a few words or phrases in the predominant second language to put a patient at ease for better understanding. Although it was quite difficult but using the nonverbal simultaneously with the verbal communication did encourage her to speak on her best to make me understand her words.In the event showed that, there was a response from Mrs. A. when I was asking her questions. Funnel et al (2005, p.438) point out that a communication would occur when a person responds to a mes sage received and assigns meaning to it. She nodded her head to assign that she agreed with me. Delaune and Ladner (2002, p.191) explain that the channel is one of the component of the communication process which act as a medium during the message is sent out. In addition, Mrs. A also gave me a feedback that she understood my message by transmitting the message via her body gesturers and eye behavior. Thus I could control that the communication channels used in my conversation were visual and auditory. Delaune and Ladner (2002, p.191) state a feedback is that the sender receives the information after the receiver react to the message. However, Chitty and Black (2007, p.218) define feedback is a response to a message.In my situation, I was a sender who conveyed the message receiving the information from Mrs. A, the receiver who agreed to take lunch and allow me to feed. Consequently, I could analyze that my communication with Mrs. A involved of louvre component of communication pro cess which are sender, message, channel, receiver and feedback (Delaune and Ladner, 2002, p.191).In a nutshell, for my reflection of this event explores about on how the communication skills play a role on the nurse-patient relationship in order to deliver the nursing care towards the patient especially the adult. She needed quite some time to adapt the ability changes in her daily activities living where I was trying to second her in feeding. I was concerning my feeling and thoughts during the feeding so that I could improve more skills in my communication. I successfully communicated with her in effect as she enjoyed end the meal. So it is vital to build rapport with her to encourage her ability to speak up verbally and non-verbal.Moreover, this ability could jockstrap her to communicate effectively with other staff nurses. Later, she would not be neglected because of her age or her baulk to understand the information given about her treatment.(Hyland and Donaldson 1989, c ited in Harrison and Hart 2006 p.22) mention that communication express what the patients think and feel. In order to communicate with adult, it is important to assess her common communication language and her ability to interact in the other languages. As I used some words in her dialect, I all-important(a)ly encouraged the patient to speak out verbally and communicate non-verbal so that the message could be understood and do not break the nurse-patient communication. In my opinion, I evaluated that it does not a matter whether it was a patient-centered communication or task-centered communication because both communication mentioned by McCabe (2004) truly does involves communication to the patients.So it was not a problem to argue which lineament of communication involves in my conversation with my patient. After I analyzed the situation, I could conclude that I was be able to know the skills for effective communication with the patient such as approach the patient, asking ques tions, be an diligent listening, show my empathy and support the patient emotions (Walsh, 2005, p.34). Actually helping the adult was a good practice in delivering the nursing care among adults. My action plan for the clinical practice in the future, if there were patients that I need to help in feeding or other nursing procedure, I would prepare myself better to handle with the patients who would have some difficulty in communication. This is because, as one of the health care worker, I want the best care for my patients. So in related to deliver the best care to my patients, I need to understand them very well.I have to communicate effectively as this is important to know what they need most during warded under my superintendence as a nurse. According to my experience, I knew that communication was the fundamental part to develop a good relationship. Wood (2006, p.13) express that a communication is the key fixation of relationship. Therefore a good communication is essential t o get know the patients individual health shape (Walsh, 2005, p.30). Active listening could distinguish the existence of barrier communication when interactions with the patients. This is because, vigorous listening means listening without making judgment to listen the patients opinions or complaints which give me chances to be in the patients perspective(Arnold, 2007, p.201). On the other hand, it also life-and-death to avoid the barriers occurs in the communication with the patients. I could detect the language barriers by interviewing the patients about their health or asking them if they needed any help in their daily activities living.However, I would remind myself for not interfere my communication with barriers such as using the open-ended questions, not attending to non-verbal cues, being criticizing and judging, and interrupting (Funnell et al, 2005, p.453). Walsh (2005, p.31) too summary that making stereotyping and making preconditions about patients, perceptions and first clinical depression of patients, lack awareness of communication skills are the main barriers to communications. I must not judge the patients by making my first impression and assumption about the patients but I have to make patients fee fast as an individual. I should be capable to respect their fundamental values, beliefs, culture, and individual means of communication (Heath, 2000,p.27).I would be able to know on how to build rapport with the patients. There are eleven ways suggest by Crellin (1998, p.49) which are becomes visible, anticipate unavoidably, be reliable, listening, stay in control, self-disclosure, care for each patient as an individual, use humour when appropriate, educate the patient, give the patient some control, and use gestures to show some supports. This ways could help and give me some guidelines to improve my communication skills with the patients. Another important social function to add on my action plan list is to know which the disabilit ies of the patients have such as hearing disability, visual impairment and mental disability. in one case I could know the disability that a patient has, I could well-prepared my system of communication effectively as Heath(2000, p28) mention that communicating with people who was having some hearing impairment, sight impairment and mental health needs inevitable the particular skills and considerations.Nazarko (2004, p.9) suggest that do not repeat if the person could not understand but try to rephrase and speak a smallish more slowly when communicating with the hearing difficulties people. Hearing problem usually occurs among adults because of ageing process (Schofield,2002, p.21). To summarize for my action plan, I would start a communication with a good rapport to know what affects the patients ability to communicate well and to avoid barriers in effective communication in future.In conclusion of my reflective assignment, I mention the model that I chose, Gibbs (1988) Re flective Cycle as my framework of my reflective. I state the reasons why I am choosing the model as well as some sermon on the important of doing reflection in nursing practice. I am able to discuss every stage in the Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle about my ability to develop my therapeutic relationship by using my interpersonal skills with one patient for this reflection.Reflection on a clinical SkillThe purpose of this assignment is to reflect upon a clinical skill that I undertook whilst on my second year community placement. I have elect to use Gibbs (1988) model of reflection. In accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC), The Code of Professional Conduct (2008), confidentiality shall be maintained and all name changed to protect identity. The clinical skill I have chosen to reflect upon during this assignment is the varaning of capillary livestock glucose (CBG). I have chosen this skill as during my previous acute placements as a learner I was not permitted to undertake them, and whilst in the community the Primary lot Trust (PCT) allows it. Having yet to develop this skill I thought that by reflecting on carrying it out would help me to gain the knowledge and confidence needed to perform it in the future. According to Siviter (2004) reflection is about gaining confidence, identifying when you could have improved, nurture from your mistakes and about your behaviour, viewing yourself as others do, self awareness and changing the future by learning from the past.DescriptionDuring a routine daily visit with my mentor Jane, a District Nurse, to Nisha, an elderly Asian lady who was Diabetic, Jane asked me whether I would like to take Nishas CBG. As I had only started doing CBGs during this placement I thought it would be a good learning opportunity so I agreed to do it. Jane asked Nisha whether she minded me doing her CBG and although she did not speak very much English she understood and responded for me to do it. I went into the kitchen a nd water-washed my pass on. I returned to the living room where Nisha was and asked her whether her hands were clean, to which she answered yes. I then assessed that Nisha was sat bulge on a low sofa, and thought it best to kneel piling and lay my equipment out on the coffee table so that they were all to hand. Once checking that the blood glucose monitor had been calibrated and that the test strips were in date I opened a test strip and placed it into the monitor.I then put on gloves and asked Nisha whether she was comfortable and ready and which finger she cherished me to use, she said yes and held up her right third finger so I got the single use gig and pricked the side of Nishas finger, disposing of the lancet into the sharps box. The blood came at one time and I employ it to the test strip and waited for the result, in the meantime I held a clean cotton wool ball to Nishas finger to give the sack the bleeding. I discarded the test strip and my gloves and recorded the CBG.I then washed my hands again. Once we had left Nishas property my mentor commented that I had done very well, but should have asked Nisha to wash her hands onward commencing the CBG test.FeelingsWhen Jane, my mentor, first asked me if I valued to do Nishas CBG I felt slightly ill at ease(p) as I had only done a few previously and was aware that she would be observing me through the procedure which also gave me reassurance that if I were to do anything wrong she would be there to highlight it. Once Nisha had consented to me doing the CBG I felt pleased that she trusted me to carry out the process, which allayed my nerves. During the procedure I was aware that my mentor was watching me, which once again made me anxious, but she was encouraging me the whole time and totally supportive. When I instantly got blood once pricking Nishas finger I felt a sense of relief that I had done it correctly. Once the whole process was over Nisha held my hand and smiled and in broken Engli sh said give thanks you, thank you, I was humbled by her response as I felt I was just doing my job. Overall I was satisfied with my performance and felt positive that I wouldnt be so nervous next time round.EvaluationOn the whole performing this clinical skill went really well, and having not had much practice at doing this particular skill I was glad to have had the opportunity to do it whilst under direct supervision from my mentor. I think that my communication with Nisha, even though she utter little English was very good and that I had formed a strong therapeutic relationship with her. I feel that on reflection I should of asked Nisha to wash her hands out front the procedure, and that my mentor should have ensured this, to guaranty that the reading was not contaminated.AnalysisI will start by looking at the skill and the evidence supporting it. CBG monitoring is part of many diabetics daily routine. If a patients CBG goes up (hyperglycaemia) or guttle (hypoglycaemia ) it can cause the patient to become unwell (Baillie, 2009). Dougherty &type A Lister (2008) state that in the short term CBG monitoring can prevent hypoglycaemia and ketoacidosis and in the long term can considerably lower complications arising that could affect the patient both vascularly and neurally. Patients can control their condition through diet, oral hypoglycaemic agents, insulin therapy or a compounding of the above, (Higgins, 2008). By asking Nisha whether she minded me performing the CBG my mentor had gained informed consent in accordance with the NMC (2008), who say that consent must be gained before any treatment is commenced. I washed my hands followers the Ayliffe (1978) proficiency in order to prevent the spread of infection, Pratt et al (2007) state that hands must be decontaminated between each and every episode of patient care. I asked Nisha whether her hands were clean, as one of the main causes of inaccuracy of CBG readings are fingers that are contaminated with foodstuffs (Alexander et al, 2000).I assessed that Nisha was sat comfortably on a low sofa, Jamieson et al (2007) says to ensure patient comfort and prevent any injury occurring should the patient feel faint during the procedure . I then knelt down and laid my equipment out on the table, as Baillie (2009) suggests that all equipment needed for a procedure should be within easy reach, and avoid any crack or stooping which could cause me injury, in line with the PCT base and Handling Policy and Procedure (2006). I then checked the CBG monitor had been calibrated and that the test strips were in date, to prevent false positive/ forbid readings (Hastings, 2009). I then put on my gloves and asked Nisha whether she was ready and which finger she wanted me to use, Jamieson (2007) says that gloves should be used to prevent the patient and nurse from any capability blood borne infection. The NMC (2008) state that you must allow patients to make decisions about their care, and al so that patients should be treated individually and with dignity.Suhonen et al (2007) conclude that individualised patient care leads to positive patient outcomes, such as patient satisfaction, patient autonomy and patients perceptions on health related quality of life. I used both verbal and non-verbal communication, which involved speaking slowly and clearly so that Nisha could understand what I was saying. I also used non-verbal communication through touch, eye contact, facial expressions and body language, (Funnell et al, 2009). I then using a single use lancet, in accordance with PCT (2005) policy on blood glucose monitoring, pricked the side of Nishas right third finger and accustomed of the lancet into the sharps box. Baillie (2009) suggests that the third, fourth or fifth finger should be used as the thumb and index finger are important for touch, and to use the side as it is less painful.To prevent injury sharps and unused drugs must be placed in disposal boxes at the poin t of use, (Dougherty and Lister, 2008). I applied cotton wool to stop any bleeding and then disposed of the test strip and my gloves, washed my hands again using the Ayliffe (1978) technique and recorded my findings. Hastings (2009) recommends applying pressure briefly to the puncture site to prevent painful extravasation of blood into the subcutaneous tissues. The Department of Health (2007) state that to reduce the risk of cross infection any waste must be disposed of appropriately.Flores (2006) maintains that it is important to wash your hands after removing gloves as bacteria can contaminate them through small defects in the gloves or during removal. Records should be completed as soon as possible following an event (NMC, 2008), and as a student all documentation needs to be countersigned (Siviter, 2004). My mentor said that I should have asked Nisha to wash her hands, not if they were clean the rationale being the same as previously stated, (Alexander et al, 2000), and also Cow an (1997) also agreed that patients hands should be washed to ensure a non-contaminated result.ConclusionIn conclusion I now appreciate how in depth a simple CBG procedure actually is, when done correctly. I have looked further for evidence stating thatpatients hands should be washed before the CBG test is performed and realise that I should have asked Nisha to do so as the result could potentially have been wrong. On reflecting on undertaking this skill I have developed my learning of the need to carry out this procedure and the importance of it to a Diabetic. I have also found that following guidelines is vital to exact results.Action PlanIn future when I carry out this procedure I will comprehend to practice as I have done as long as this is in line with local trust policy and supporting evidence. I will always ensure that the patient washes their hands before commencing the process, as this is what evidence suggests is good practice and also important for an accurate result.

Throughout history there have been two main kinds of virtue

Throughout history in that location wee-wee been two main kinds of virtue. unitary is Platos, in which virtue is associated with attributes such as justice, wisdom, courage and moderation, and the other is Machiavellis, in which is associated with world the best at any given task. Many cerebrates could bank none for this drastic change in the definition of virtue put forrard by Machiavelli, but the most important would be found in a consideration of the time period in which Machiavelli recognised. This paper leave behind explore how and why Machiavellis concept of virtue came to be so different from the one Plato had originally put forth.There is ample conclusion to suggest that Machiavelli was familiar with the works of Plato. He was an avid reader of earthy a(prenominal) subjects, especially those of a political nature. He was also an admirer of quaint Roman society and essential assimilate been exposed to somewhat antiquated authors. There was also the fact that for all their intellectual advances in art, law, ism and medicine, the Renaissance Italians were indebted to the ancients. Their practice of imitating those thinkers of ancient history led the Italians to rediscover many facts astir(predicate) the world, which were once only known to the ancients. Even so, Machiavelli chose to radically change the concept of virtue to an vagary that is nearly the opposite of what Plato had in mind. (Wootton xiii)The concept of virtue that Plato had in mind was most readily laid out in the Republic. Although it is mentioned some(prenominal) times throughout the book, virtue broadly comes to mean an attribute of the concepts already explained above. Specifically, with regard to justice, which the Republic is most touch on with, virtue gist being just. For the citizens of a state to be virtuous, they must(prenominal) be just to their fellow citizens and the state itself, and for the state to be just, it must attempt to run the most virtuous st ate as possible.In the beginning of Book I, Socrates gets into a debate with near of his fellow citizens about the meaning of justice. After Polemarchus picks up where Cepaluss telephone circuit left off, Thrasymachus, who is acquire fed up with Socrates consistently refuting the arguments of all who try, attempts to give his own definition of justice. He demands that Socrates give his own account of justice. alone after some words, Socrates persuades Thrasymachus to put forward his concept of the virtue of justice. The account of justice that Thrasymachus last gives is that justice is the advantage of the stronger. It is a sort of mite is right argument in that whoever is ruling, and whatever they demand of their subjects must be obeyed. If the citizens do not obey, then they atomic number 18 being unjust. (Grube)The suasion of Thrasymachus is somewhat similar to Machiavellis view. In The Prince, Machiavelli lays out his concept of virtue (which he calls virt) in chapter 6, which is entitle About new kingdoms acquired with ones own armies and ones own skill virt. In the chapter, one is left with the impression that virt means that quality which one is endowed with when they are the best at what they are doing. Thus a soldier is virtuous when he is successful in defeating an army, or gaining a new principality.As Machiavelli put it, The virtuous man is the man who has those qualities that lead to success in his chosen activity. For Machiavelli, a soul need not be good to be virtuous. After all, Machiavelli condoned lying, treachery, cowardness, murder, anything necessary as long as it leads to victory in the chosen field. This idea of virtue is a far cry from that of Plato or Christianity, which had been the official devotion of Italy for twelve hundred years. (Wootton)In the same chapter, Machiavelli highlights certain people who, in his opinion have been the most virtuous throughout history. He lists, Moses, Cyrus, Romulus, Theseus, and others st andardised them, to make his case. He dismisses Moses skill because it is a skill derived from following the manage instructions of God. But he then goes on to discuss the others because they have all acquired existing kingdoms or founded new ones.Machiavelli admits that, the founders of new states have grand difficulties to overcome, and dangers beset their path, dangers they must overcome by skill and strength of purpose. But as he then goes on to say, the most virtuous, once they have overcome the dangers, and they have begun to be idolized, having got rid of those who were jealous of their superior qualities, they are established, they are powerful, secure, honored, happy. (Wootton)To understand why Machiavellis concept of virtue whitethorn have been so different from that of Plato, one need look no further than to Machiavelli himself and the time period in which he lived. In the ordinal century, Italy was divided into many different, competing states. There was a near consta nt disturb in alliances between the differing states that lead to having to be constantly aware of the chess opening of danger from a neighboring state. There was no real hostage in Italy there were powerful people constantly vying for more power, and many of them willing to gain that power by any means necessary. on a lower floor this system of chaotic statehood, diplomatistic officials, and military and political advisors had to constantly be alert for any new crisis that might move previously warm states to war. (Wootton)In most of these states in Italy, torture was accepted as a legal means of obtaining confessions for crimes, or pursuing investigations into crimes. In 1513, Machiavelli had the unfortunate term of finding himself under question in regards to his supposed plotting against the Medici family, who were then in control of the new administration in Florence. He was tortured on a contraption known as a strappado. This device is, at its simplest, a rope thrown o ver a high beam.The captives hands are tied behind his back and he is then lifted up several feet in the air. If allowed to hang there for several hours or several days, he considers himself lucky. The other way of exploitation the strappado is to allow the prisoner to fall until his feet almost touch the strand and then pull the rope tight. The result is generally two disjointed shoulders, and extreme pain. Machiavelli had this happen to him six times in the same investigation. Italy in the sixteenth century was not a pleasant place to live. (Wikipedia)Machiavellis political career had mostly to do with military training. As a civil servant, his most important achievement was in 1505-6, when, in Florence, he organized a militia to replace the mercenaries upon which Florence had traditionally relied. He was at the same time a diplomat and responsible for traveling to several different neighboring states in attempts to keep the peace. (Wootton)In 1494, Italy was invaded and con tinued to be invaded on and off throughout the rest of Machiavellis life. And as diplomat and war advisor, his job was to find alliances in any way possible. This is the reason Machiavelli thought it so important not for a ruler to live his life by principle, but powerfully.The Prince is an example of the way a despot would hold on to power. In modern day democratic theory, some people would argue that the need for all information to be make available to the public is necessary for the public to be able to square off which path in a particular situation the state should follow. tally to The Prince the people should have no say in the direction of government and should never influence the rulers thinking, unless it would add to the rulers virtue.When considering the age in which Machiavelli lived and the events and responsibilities he had in life, it is easy to understand why he would view virtue so radically different than Plato. When Machiavelli was so involved with the planning stages of military strategy, doing his best to not have Florence invaded by a hateful power, it may have been necessary to do and say things he knew were lies. And being in an environment like that, and trying to be good at what he was doing, led Machiavelli to develop a concept of virtue that was tout ensemble distinct.Works CitedGrube, G.M.A., ed. Republic. 1st ed. Indianapolis Hackett, 1992.Strappado. Wikipedia. 08 Apr. 2006http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strappado>.Wootton, David, ed. The Prince. 1st ed. Indianapolis Hackett, 1995.

Raymond’s Run: POV change of Hazel Essay

Raymonds Run is a story written by Toni Cade Bambara who describes the events that piddle place in the life of a skinny girl named hazelnut tree Elizabeth Deborah Parker, a little African-American girl with a squeaky piece (which gives her the nickname Squeaky) that has passion to run. In this story Hazel changes her views nigh things a lot in this story. Such as her POV on Raymond, Gretchen and others in general/Raymond suffers a metal disease. Hes bigger and erstwhile(a) than Hazel, but a lot of people call him Hazels little brother because he needs to be looked after. Squeaky often takes strolls down Broadway so she can practice her breathing exercises while she keeps an centre on her brother all the time. She makes Raymond walk on the inside because he always makes fantasies so he starts thinking hes a circus performer and that the curb is a tightrope strung high in the air.Hazel used to thingShe hates a girl named Gretchen and her friends Mary Louise Williams from Baltimo re because Gretchens a rival for the fifty-yard dash. She believes shes tough, not a strawberry or someone who enjoys dancing on her toes, she likes to run and this passion had made her to gain many trophies, ribbons and its because of her velocity. She says in this story.Every time just beforehand she takes off in a race, she feels like she is in a dream, the diversity you have when youve fever and feel hot and weightless. She usually dreams she flies all over a sandy beach in the early morning sun, ghost the leaves of the trees. She also perceives the smell of apples just like in the fields.

African Americans and Slavery Essay

The American mutation was a m of great turmoil for whole manpower and wo hands in the United States. Great debates came and went during this time break ones backry and the granting immunity of drab workforce being the main problems in these debates. Slaves were used for a great number of things during the American transitionist period. The arrival of hard workerry to the American colonies began in the 1600s and started aside in Virginia. As the years passed to a greater extent and more African-Americans were brought into the colonies to be used as labor workers.The beginning amount of slaves go a grand to grow and by the beginning of the renewal there were about 273,000 slaves unfold throughout the American states. With the coming of the revolution each(prenominal) African-Americans, slave or throw overboard, knew roundthing was coming and each had a different response to these comings. in that location were differences in the responses of slaves and free men durin g the American Revolution. There were as well consequences to their choices.Gaining liberty in a land of captivity and wresting equality from a society whose unveiling documents guarantee it has been the consuming desire and everlasting hope that has kept harrowed bodies and toil souls going. In the sulfurern states African-American slaves were do by harsher than those in the north. The plantations down south required back breaking hours of work in the sun that sinlessness Americans believed could plainly be done by those they had bought. There was a occasion for them to be there and until they could no longer work they were to do every last(predicate) things imaginable for their proprietors, no questions asked. almost of these slaves thought it was easier to run away from their owners and that in doing so they would have a chance to fight for their country. Slaves could either hightail it to the north or they could flee to Spanish owned Florida. In cases where a pass over was omened upon to fight, they would send a slave in their short letter and if they lived long enough to return home they brightened freedom. M either of the slaves decided that if they had a chance to gain their freedom by espouseing the fight drift then they would gladly take their master place.They also believed that with the beginning to the revolutionary period would bring a new deed to the land and when it was oer there would no longer be a need for slaves. The consequences for slaves in the south were innumerable. Like some slaves, they took this time to run from slave master and plantations. If these southern slaves were caught, depending on the owner, the slave could suffer mild to severe consequences. Depending on the demeanor of the owner a slave could be punished in several different ways. Whipping, branding, slapping, being dunked underwater, and kicking were just some forms of punishment.The near severe punishments were to cut off a body part kindred an e ar in the hopes that the slave would learn and never run again. There were also nice slave owners that chose not to punish their slaves. There defense for not punishing their slaves was so that they would continue to work and so that the owner could buy more slaves with the money that they continued to pool in from the work. Because of some owners that continuously harassed chapiter, he stopped eachowing slaves into his army. But General Washington, fearing lawlessness, created an parliamentary law that stated that all blacks were not allowed to fight.Later he partially reversed the order and allowed only free black men to fight with him. Some slaves believed that taking a chance to flee towards the north was a far-fetched idea. They were seek freedom in the quickest possible way. Lord Dunmore sent out a proclamation that stated in exchange for freedom any black that came to him would fight against the patriots and become a loyalist. Dunmores promise of freedom fueled black s laves to escape and even some patriots fled to fight as a loyalist. After the war, true to his word, slaves gained their freedom.Some of these newly freed slaves went to Britain except many of them stayed in the Americas. On the other hand free men in the north believed the revolution would bring about change for the better. Their idea of the revolution was that they were being given the chance to gain independency from Great Britain and also for themselves. It was a defining moment in history that they were to be a part of. Fighting with neat men gave these free black men a sense of honor and it also gave them a job where they could earn a little money to put towards getting homes and things of that nature.Men from the north gradually began to realize that they could fight with their brethren and bring independence to the land. General Washington passed an order stating that no black man was allowed into his army. This order came about because of common angst from some slave own ers. These owners believed that there should not be any blacks contend for the independence because they were only good for being slaves and they would never have speculate over anything.After some time Washington, fearing not having enough men to fight against the British, partially reversed this order to allow only free black men. Other than this there were not many consequences that are record for free black men. These free men not only fought for the independence of the nation entirely also for their independence and the independence of other black men and women. African-Americans from the north and south chose to join the continental army because they believed that they should service make the place the lived independent from a tyranny that had no regularise in the matters of a new country. They felt that this tyranny could take their rights and place them under unfair rule once again.Some of the freemen and slaves that had started out in the continental army decided to ru n to the British army but were not successful in their plights. Nash called the revolution the greatest slave ascension in American history because it was just that. The revolution opened up new grounds for slaves to rebel against owners because it was the most opportune time for them to do so. If any group within Americas diversified bulk came close to answering John Adamss plea that we must all be soldiers, it was black Americans.No part of revolutionary society responded to the call for arms with anywhere near the enthusiasm of those who were black. Proportionate to their number, African American males and some females were more give carely to join the fray than white Americans. check to this excerpt from another one of Nashs books, African-Americans were frequently more friend to answering the plea of John Adams. If there were more African-American fighters than white that meant that more black males were subject to put themselves in danger in order to gain freedom.They w ould rather have one day of freedom, not knowing if they would die in the next second, hour, or day, than be a slave for the rest of their lives. This is one of the reasons why Nash called the revolution the greatest slave rebellion in American history. Desperate to fill the emasculated ranks of its regiments, states offered freedom to serve during the continuance of the present war with Great Britain. each black enlistee would be immediately discharged from the service of his master or mistress, and be absolutely free, as if he had never been cumber with any kind of servitude or slavery. If states were desperate to have more men come into their ranks then there was nothing really stopping slaves from escaping their masters and coming to fight. They all wanted freedom from someone. Slaves wanted freedom from their bonds that were fix to the soil they worked and the Americans wanted freedom from Great Britain. Both groups had their reasons to fight and the only way slaves knew ho w to become free was to rebel and run to an army. This was a time for large rebellions on all fronts not just from the slaves.It was a rebellion against the British from the former colonists and a rebellion against the men and women that were taken from their homes to someway create new ones. It may have been, as Nash says the greatest slave rebellion in American history, but for most of the rebels it ended like the others, in death. Slaves who supported the American side fared better, but not much better. Only with great reluctance did Washington allow some to join his army. Other Virginians had another wartime use for them.In 1780 the state legislature offered salves as a bounty for enlistment in the war against British tyranny. The revolution did see enactment of measures for gradual emancipation in the northern states, but the number who benefited was small. My view on the American Revolution has changed somewhat because of how the African-Americans were enured during and aft er the period of war. The Americans act as though they had not been fleck alongside each other and because of this withhold distaste for the blacks.The completely push aside the idea that every man is created equal and has certain unalienable rights. They do not extend these ideas that were written down on the Declaration of independency to the free black Americans. Men that had fought with and under Washington were not looked as the same because the color of their skin and were not given the same rights. Because of how they were treated I see the Revolution more as a war against Britain to save other whites from tyranny rather than to gain independence for all mankind. . 1 . Gary B. Nash, The Forgotten Fifth African Americans in the Age of Revolution (Harvard University 2006), 1. 2 . Taymor, . US History Documents. Last modified 2005. Accessed January 27, 2013. http//inside. sfuhs. org/dept/history/US_History_reader/Chapter2/Nashfighting. pdf. 3 . Taymor, . US History Document s. Last modified 2005. Accessed January 27, 2013. http//inside. sfuhs. org/dept/history/US_History_reader/Chapter2/Nashfighting. pdf. 4 . Edmund S. Morgan, canvass of The Unknown American Revolution