Beauty

What is stunner? Everyone flavors at true manage differently and everyone has his or her own definition of it. In forthwiths society bang is come uponn as a someones psychical fashion, what c peckhes they wear, their hair and make-up, and plane the shape of their body. The World position Dictionarys first definition states beauty as the compounding of entirely qualities of a person or thing that delights the senses and pleases the mind. ( saucer N. pag. ) I agree with this definition because I believe beauty goes deeper than the appearance of a person that it is the combination of all a persons qualities.Too some(prenominal) people do non elate beauty for what it really is only if only see it as a psychical quality. Beauty is more(prenominal)(prenominal) than skin deep beauty is strainness, gratefulness, courage, sharing cut, and happiness. A persons beauty is not something that should be measured on how they appear physically, further is something that should b e measured on their kindness. Peoples kindness sess show them for who they really ar showing their true beauty. To be kind is to be generous and caring of others. It is being up to(p) to help others when they pick out it, to be respectful of everyone, and to show fairness no matter what.Kindness is beauty because kindness is a person showing respect for the feelings of another individual. It is to be aw are of their actions and how their actions are affecting others. They treat others the way they hope to be treated. Ninon de LEnclos said That which is striking and beautiful is not invariably size suit commensurate, save that which is good is always beautiful (N. pag). I believe this is how people should describe and see beauty today because beauty should be seen not how people see each other, however as how people treat one other.Beauty is not the type or style of clothes a person wears, only beauty is being grateful. It is people being thankful and appreciative. For thei r family and friends, for the stuff their parents take into account for them. Gratefulness is beauty because people who are grateful acknowledge what they pull in been given in life and are not greedy for more but are happy for what they go for. people who are grateful fork over beauty because they are not unappreciative or ungrateful but they say thank you when they receive a gift or serve no matter how little or small it was. This is beauty because eople should look at beauty as the actions of others whether they are appreciative or selfish. Beauty is not dependent on the shape of a persons body, but it is the unselfish love they have and share to others. People who are able to love everyone in their life without judging or mistreating others have beauty. Unselfish love is being able to love people for who they are and not strive to change them but to accept them for everything they are. Unselfish love is being able to put someone elses needs first, and to economic aid for o thers no matter who they are.This is beauty because people should see beauty should be seen on the love that people have on one other. It hind end be a difficult task to have unselfish love and not many people today can say they are able to go without judging others or being hurtful. Beauty is having courage. Beauty is people having the courage to stand up for what they believe in no matter what other say or do. It is people being able to look by what others want them to do or gestate and to do what is right for themselves and others.It is being able to go for their goals no matter how stimulate the journey looks. Courage is beauty because people with courage are able to stand up for themselves, to go for their dreams, and to do the right thing no matter what. People should see this as beauty because courage is zippo small it takes a strong person to have courage in life. Beauty is how a persons hair and makeup looks, but it is a persons happiness. people with happiness are abl e to show joy and satisfaction in their lives. They are over all happy not only with themselves but also with life.Happiness is beauty because to be happy is to have the feeling of delightfulness and contentment. When people have happiness that does not mean that they will never get sad or belt down occasionally, but it means that they will be able to push past the down times in their life and mobilise that tomorrow is always a new day. A person with happiness will remember to keep their head up because they know things will get better. Everyone has his or her own definitions of beauty. Some people see beauty as the appearance of a person.They think that beauty is defined as the type or style of clothes they have, or how their hair and makeup look, and some even define beauty as the shape of a persons body. However, some people are more like me and define beauty by what is on the inside. Some believe beauty comes from a persons personality or their characteristics. As Kevyn Aucoin says, beauty has a lot to do with character. (N. pag. ). I agree with Kevyn Aucoin, I do not think that beauty should be looked at as the physical appearance of a person. I believe beauty is a persons kindness, gratefulness, courage, unselfish love, and their happiness.

E-Banking: Trend, Status, Challenges and Policy Issues

E- relying shape, Trends, Challenges and Policy Implications 1. Introduction In addition to introduction ( scratch I) and conclusion (section VI), the musical theme includes four sections. Section II addresses the description and current situation of e-banking. Then, section III addresses the impact of e-banking on banking occupancy. After that, section IV addresses the study application of e-banking. That is also the bottom line whether e-banking give the bounce be workable in a country. Section V addresses the new challenges e-banking has brought and policy implications from the statuss of society, banks, and repressive authority as well as goernment. . Status 2. 1. Definition The profits includes all cerebrate web-enabling technologies and open telecommunication networks ranging from direct dial- up, the semipublic man Wide Web, cable, and virtual private networks. (BIS-EBG, 2003) internet banking (e-banking) is defined to include the cookery of retail and small value banking products and serve through electronic take as well as spacious value electronic recompenses and an separate(a)(prenominal) wholesale banking serve ups delivered electronically. (BIS-EBG, 2003) 1 2. 2. Fundamental characteristicsComparison between the current rotund financial innovation (e-banking) and past financial innovations The current innovation (ebanking) heart and soul Delivery channel innovation-deliver banking business via internet. Impact Wider Past financial innovations Products and operate, i. e. , pitch, change Narrow 2. 3. Levels/Scope of e-banking business Basic training e-banking/web sites that plainly disseminate breeding on banking products and services offered to bank nodes and the general public Simple transactional e-banking /web sites that offer bank guests o submit applications for assorted services, make queries on their account balances, and submit instructions to the bank, but do no permit any account transfers Advanced transactional e-banking/web sites that allow bank customers to electronically transfer funds to/from their accounts pay bills, and plow other banking transaction online. Usually, e-banking refers to types II and III. 2. 4. Current development situations (in industrial countries) E-banking products and services ar acquire often and more advanced and increasing in variety.From providing information at the early make up to providing transactional activities. 2 Both volume and take in the total banking business argon getting monolithicr and bigger very fast (Graph, Europe) E-banking customer base is getting bigger quickly. 2. 5. Status in developing countries Developing countries are in catching up in e-banking The average e-banking penetration for developing countries by the end of 1999 was jam to 5% (World Bank Survey, 2001). In brazil-nut tree, the number of e-banking users gathered 8 million in 2000. In Mexico, the number of e-banking users graveled 1. 5 milli on in 2000. In India, all over 50 banks are offering online banking services. ICICI Banks e-banking is very impressing. E-banking in Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan (China) is thriving. In Ghana and some other Afri jakes countries, pert cards based on Visa Horizon proximately technologies are getting started. 3. ProspectsImpact of E-banking on traditional banking 3. 1. The early conventional recognition Internet banking would destroy the traditional banking business model and promote the entry of newcomers from the orthogonal of the banking industry.Developing countries could deliver the opportunities to leapfrog in the adoption of efinance on a large scale. 3. 2. In reality, e-banking develops fast, but not damaging as conventional wisdom projected. The notion of leapfrog has not worked in more developing countries due to various impediments. This earth-closet be verified by UNCTAD report. Some commanding signs are 3 already visible, inclu ding a high level of bankers acceptance of engineering by customers and financial institutions. H(h)owever, most projects have not til now been deployed on a large scale. (UNCTAD 2002. It forgets a comprehensive look at the status of efinance in developing countries.It covers arrange of areas re lated to e- finance including e-banking, e-payments, e-trades, and e- ac citation information). however in industrial countries, e-banking is still a complementary tools to traditional banking. gobs of pure e-banking businesses have been forced appear of market. Internet-only banks have been substantially slight profitable. They generate decline business volumes and any savings generated by lower bodily overheads appear to be offset by other types of non-interest expenditures, notably marketing to attract new customers. (De Young 2001). 3. 3.Prevailing vision The prevailing realize today is that Internet banking can only succeed if it is thoroughly compound within the existin g banking infrastructure, which should combine click (e-banking) with mortar (physical branches) due to the grandeur of public trust in banks, the value of an established brand name, and the swear of customers to do something physically. According to this view, Internet is regarded but as other dissemination channel as a complement to physical braches, phone banking and standard pressure networks. The dominance of the so-called click and mortar model can be explained by its success on the ground. devil good examples are Wells Fargo in the US and Nordea in Scandinavia. 3. 4. Case-studyexperience from the two most successful showcases Two most successful examples Wells Fargo (US), has actually the highest absolute number of online customers, more than 3 million out of its total 24 million customers in 2001. Nordea (Scandinavia), has 2. 3 million online customers, representing over 20% of its total customer base. It has the highest apportion of online customers. 4 They share the following common elements Both are leaders in their traditional markets and thus can capitalize on a sizable customer base.Furthermore, their customer base is technologically sophisticated. California and Scandinavia have extremely high rates of Internet use. Both are technologically advanced and started early in Internet deployment. Wells Fargo started e-banking business as early as in 1989. Both have tightly integrated Internet in their operations and their existing infrastructure. Both have large number of SME customer base. 3. 5. Prospects Bottom line the ability to mainstream SME and individuals into E-banking. 4. Trend The major(ip) application of e-bankingSME finance E-banking is used more and more for improving approach to finance.Financial constraints for SMEs have never been effectively solved and have been thought inevitable. This section will cover the advantages of e-banking on this aspect. 4. 1. Obstacles to SMEs access to finance 4. 1. 1. from banks perspec tive full(prenominal) costs and low profitability of SME loans because of the small loan size. High hazards of SME loans due to lack of business track record, deferred payment history, and transparent information. Evaluating SME run a risk is too labor- intensive to be profitable. 5 Many banks lack strategies and skills to trailer truck impediments associated with SME finance.In numerous developing countries, the staff of banks lack necessary skills to appropriately survey credit risks of SMEs 4. 1. 2. from SMEs perspective Inappropriate products and services, which are rigidly supply-driven alternatively of demand-driven. Commercial bank products are usually designed to meet the ineluctably of large corporations few products and service are specifically tailored to the require of SMEs. SME sector is usually underserved. High interest rates. SMEs usually require much smaller loans than large enterprises. banks, in that locationfore, usually charge high margins to c over the costs. incompetent procedures.Over insistence on collaterals and guarantees. SMEs usually have low- level of fixed assets and relatively high- level of working capital. Therefore, when lending to an SME, a bank acquires to quantify the SMEs economic viability and future cash flows instead of collaterals. However, in numerous developing countries, banks are still in the very early stage of mastering sound lending policies and good credit practices. Their lending appears to simply rely on collateral rather than cash- flow projections. banks lack of mental object of non-collateral credit assessment has caused them unable to provide lending services to SMEs. resolved credit criteriaone size fits all. 4. 2. virgin Technology, New Hope for SME pay 4. 2. 1. From banks side, new technology (e-banking) makes SME finance economically come-at-able (i) lower operational costs of banks Automated process Accelerated credit decisions Lowered minimum loan size to be profitabl e (ii) potentially lower margins 6 Lower cost of entry Expanded financial backing reach Increased transparency (iii) expand reach through self-service Lower transaction cost Make some corporate services economically feasible for SMEs Make anytime access to accounts and loan information feasible . 2. 2. From SMEs perspective E-banking business makes access to finance from banks mesmerizing. SMEs have benefited from the development of E- finance and gradually stepped out of the informal sector. In particular, E- finance offers the following attractive benefits for SMEs Ease of use Lower costs of financing Convenience sequence savings Operational efficiency 4. 2. 3. From the governments perspective New technologies have provided the incentives/benefits for the government to improve SME finance by Increasing employment. lend to poverty reduction. Contributing to economic development.Reducing the informal sector and cash economy1 . 1 Lack of SMEs access to FIs is one o f the major reasons why there are usually big informal economic sector (cash economy) in many developing countries. Improved SME access to formal financial institutions is pass judgment to reduce the informal economic sector. 7 5. Challenges and policy implications 5. 1. Cross-border e-banking activities and its policy implications 5. 1. 1. definition Definition Cross-border e-banking is defined as the provision of transactional on- line banking products or service by a bank in one country to residents of some other country. BIS, 2003) A note on the definition A bank delivering its e-banking activities via its physical branches/ subsidiaries in a host country does count into cross-border e-banking. A promote note banks can use the new delivery channel (e-banking) reach customers in another country without as much reliance on physical presence and the significant investment that it entails (example). 5. 1. 2. Two scenarios The in-out scenarioIn-country institutions providing banking services to customers remote the plaza country.The out- in scenarioinstitutions based outside the family line country providing banking services to parties within the home country. 5. 1. 3. Raised many challenges and questions for banking regulatory authorities (both home and host) Who should take the supervision responsibility? Borderless nature of e-banking extend the potential for territorial ambiguities with respect to the supervisory responsibilities of different matter authorities. much(prenominal) situations could lead to deficient supervision of cross-border e-banking activities. Does it need to be licensed?Banks that engage in cross-border e-banking may face increased legal risk. Specifically, unless banks conduct adequate due application program they run the risk of potential non-compliance with different national laws and regulations, including 8 applicable consumer protection laws, record-keeping and describe requirements, privacy rules, AML rules . Non-banks may offer with greater forwardness bank- like services without any type of supervisory approval or caution due to definitional ambiguities that may exist wit regard to what constitutes a bank (or banking services). Which countrys law applies to cross-border e-banking activities.Role and responsibilities of the home country banking supervisor and local anaesthetic supervisor. Supervisors need to recognize that the Internet allows for the provision of e-banking services that can span geographic borders and potentially call into question existing jurisdictional empowerment requirements and the regulatory processes Supervisors need to recognize the implications of taking a restrictive approach toward currently regulated banks without an even-handed treatment of foreign organizations that may conduct identical or nearly identical activities via the Internet in the local jurisdiction. Supervisors should tally that banks appropriately manage the legal uncertainty duri ng the period go the legal infrastructure for cross-border e-banking remains under construction. 5. 1. 4. Its policy implications Policy determination The objective of both the host and home supervisors should be to avoid or minimize legal risks stemming from jurisdictional ambiguities, and to ensure that e-banking activities are adequately administrate with clearly defined supervisory responsibilities. Basic principle Focus precaution on the need for effective home country supervision of cross-border e-banking activities on a merged basis as well as proceed international cooperation between home and local banking supervisors regarding such activities given the doable absence of a physical banking presence in local jurisdiction. Such as focus is essential to promote safe and sound cross-border e- 9 banking without creating undue regulatory burden or impediments to banks use of the internet delivery channel to meet customer needs. Complementary principle Home supervisors sho uld provide host supervisors with clear information on how they oversee a banks e-banking activities on a consolidated level. Host supervisor would in the main rely on the home supervisor to effectively carry out its supervisory program. Where there are concerns about the effectiveness of a home supervisors oversight program, the host would approach the home supervisor on a bilateral basis. The host supervisor will need to consider what actions may be appropriate to protect local residents and their banking dodging. Cooperation among national supervisors . Rapid pace of development of e-banking and the associated risks will require supervisory agility, resources and, in the crossborder context, cooperation between home and host supervisors. 5. 2. From the societys perspective 5. 2. 1. Challenges 1. stealth of personal identity 2. retirement step ups 3. Who take the responsibility in case of fraud 5. 2. 2. Policy implications 1. Essential are efforts to define the privacy manak in and to use technology to solve contract enforcement problems. . 3. From banks perspectives 5. 3. 1. happen management challenges Adaptation to Technology issues The speed of change relating to technological and customer service innovation in e-banking is unprecedented. This intensifies challenges to the management to ensure that adequate strategic assessment, risk 10 analysis and securities reviews are conducted prior to implementing new e-banking applications. Outsourcing issue E-banking increase banks ependence on information technology, thereby increasing the technical complexity of many operational and security issues and furthering a trend towards more partnerships, alliances and outsourcing arrangements with trey parties, many of whom are unregulated. Increased legal and reputational risks E-security issue The internet is present and global by nature. It is an open network accessible from anywhere in the world by unknown parties, with routing of messages through unk nown locations and via fast evolving tuner devices.Therefore, it raises significant challenges on security controls, customer authentication techniques, data protection, canvas trail procedures, and customer privacy standards. While companies have been keen to embracement the potential offered by these technologies, few understand the inherent vulnerability and risks associated with e- finance. Since 1999, Brazil has seen a 418% increase in electronic security incidents Korea has seen a 932% increase and Japan has seen over 1000% increase in malicious electronic security incidents (Tom Glaessner et al, 2003). Over 57% of all hack attacks in 2002 were initiated against the financial sector (Tom Glaessner et al, 2003). Identity Theft has exploded and incidents are expected to reach almost 2 million per year by 2005 wit a cost of almost US$10 billion. Outsourcing issue E-banking increase banks dependance on information technology, thereby increasing the technical complexity of ma ny operational and security issues and furthering a trend towards more partnerships, alliances and outsourcing arrangements with third parties, many of whom are unregulated. Increased legal and reputational risks 11 5. 3. 2. Policy implications/recommendations . Establish a comprehensive security control process. Authentication of e-banking customers Appropriate measures to ensure sequestration of duties Establishment of clear audit trails for e-banking transactions Non-repudiation and accountability for e-banking transactions 2. Centralized-back placement to free staff time in sales and services areas and to consolidate process consistently across the organization. 3. Develop automated credit authorization system by developing appropriate credit scoring system and cash- flow scoring system to reduce operating costs, improve asset quality, and increase client profitability.One of the major benefits of credit scoring system is that lenders can make credit decisions without nec essarily obtaining financial statement, credit reports, or other time-consuming and hard-to-get information. In particular, the financial statements of SMEs are often not land up and difficult to get. Banks can more closely align their specific credit policies and marketing strategies with the analytics, making the decision process more costefficient. (I. e. , Fair, Isaac has developed a credit scoring system specialized in SME financeSBSS 5. (small business scoring services), which has been increasingly used by many banks as their SME credit decision making model. ) 4. Comprehensive due manufacture and management oversight process for outsourcing relationships and other third-party dependencies. 5. Integrate cross-border e-banking risks into the banks overall risk management framework. 6. Legal and reputational risk management Appropriate disclosures for e-banking services Privacy of customer information Capacity, business continuity and contingency planning to ensure availa bility of e-banking systems and services Incident response planning.Segregation of duties 12 Due diligence on risk assessment 5. 4. From the authorities perspective (banking supervisor, central bank, related government depts. ) 5. 4. 1. Challenges from e-banking 1. Oversight of outsourcing and partnership arrangements, and the oversight of security and data justness and controls and safeguards, especially when the supporting operations are located in another jurisdiction . 2.The ability to adopt global technology to the local requirements A adequate level of infrastructure and human capacity building are required before developing countries can adopt the global technology for their local requirements. 3. The ability to create the necessary level of regulatory and institutional frameworks The lack of regulatory frameworks, trust, security and privacy standards, high trade barriers, customer and investor protections impede progress in many developing countries to implement e- financ e projects. 4. E-security challenges 5. 4. 2.Policy implications/recommendations 1. Improve system infrastructure environment for e-banking business Strengthen payment system (including RTGS, bulk/low value payment system). Improve the answer system (e. g. , for credit cards and other forms of electronic transactions). Build-up transaction reporting/reconciliation services. Establish credit information registry and disseminating system. Credit information registries, commonly known as credit bureaus in many countries, can reduce the extent of asymmetric information by making a borrowers credit history available to 3 potential lenders. Lenders gird with this data can avoid making loans to high risk customers, with unequal repayment histories, defaults, or bankruptcies. Once a lender makes a loan, the borrower knows that their cognitive operation will be reported to the credit bureau. The information contained in a credit registry becomes part of the borrowers reputation colla teral late payments or defaults reduce the value of this collateral providing an additional incentive for incidentally repayment. At the same time, by reducing the information monopoly that banks have over their existing borrowers,

Cost of Goods Checkpoint Essay

A multi-step income statement for a employment caper highlights the fact that between 40% and 60% of revenue from sales is accounted for as the exist of goods sold. The cost of goods attributed to a familiaritys productions is expensed as the company sells these goods. in that respect are several ways to calculate COGS but mavin of the more basic ways is to start with the beginning inventory for the tip and add the total amount of purchases made during the period then deducting the terminus inventory.(According to Kimmel, Weygandt, and Kieso), cost of goods sold is found by taking the cost of goods getable for sale (beginning production inventory + net purchase), less the ending merchandise inventory (p. 244). In a wholesale or retail trading business, merchandise held for resale in the normal course of business is the largest asset possess by the organization. For this reason it is vital that accurate up-to-date records be maintained when goods are acquired and inventori es taken. Finished goods and or merchandise agnises up cost of goods sold.There are two classifications of inventory merchandiser or manufacturer. In a merchandiser company inventory consists of many items all different. Whereas, a manufacturer, some(prenominal) inventory may not be ready (Kimmel, Weygandt, & Kieso, p. 282). Examples of items that make up cost of goods include produce, clothing, electronics, items that can be resold from manufacture to a company to the customer. This means when the business acquires a absolute product, the cost of the product goes into an inventory asset account.The customer will then purchase the product, finished good, the business transfers the cost of the product from the inventory asset account to the cost of goods sold expense account because the product is no longer in the businesss inventory (Kimmel, Weygandt, & Kieso, p. 282). References Kimmel, P. D. , Weygandt, J. J. , & Kieso, D. E. (2011). Financial write up Tools for busin ess decision making (6th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Fundamentals of Marketing Essay

1.0. Course DescriptionThe cut through is an introduction to the wording and issues of trade with an emphasis on get winding to develop responsive tradeing strategies that meet customer needs. The hang focuses on staple selling concepts, the manipulation of trade in the organization, and the role of trade in society. Topics include market segmentation, product development, promotion, distribution, and pricing. Other publications, which entrust be incorporated into the physique, are out-of-door surround (which will focus on integrative topics with selling, such as economics, politics, government, and nature), selling research, external/global merchandising with relevance to cultural diversity, ethics, the dissemble of technology on selling, and careers in merchandise.1.1 Course PerspectiveWe all incur many experiences with marketing from the viewpoint of the consumer. In this be switchn, we will take the sight of the marketing decision withstandr. I hope you will learn that at that place is much more to marketing than you might waste expected. From the textbook, participation assignments/homework, and segmentation discussions, you will learn about the decisions that marketers must make and tools/frameworks that will helper you in making those decisions tellingly. By the end of the course, you should understand the complexity and challenges associated with making marketing decisions as well as ways to design effective marketing strategies. On the practical side, this new understanding of marketing should make each of you a more knowledge suit adequate to(p) consumer.1.2 Course Learning Goals and Objectives Accordingly, the course emphasizes the followingTo analyze the role of marketing within the firm and society. To unmasking you to the two parts of a marketing strategy the target market and the marketing inter premixture. To study the four basic variables in the marketing mix product, promotion, price, and distribution. To ex ercise analytical, communication, and intromission skills (through use of technological aids, such as Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, and the Internet)the basic tools of marketing.2.0. TextbooksPrinciples of food marketing, 13th Edition, by Kotler/Armstrong, Pearson Education 2012, ISBN 9787302255743.0. Recommended ReadingA Selective adaptation packet is prepared for the course, which comprisesHarvard cases, company cases derived from Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, Principles of Marketing , 7th edition, articles derived from HBR, SBR, and different probative furrow journals, as well as latest developed Chinese cases.Related handouts will be distributed in the class.4.0 Method of InstructionThe course is highly interactive between the class and the instructor. Through case studies/presentations, problems, and special company client activities, students will have the opportunity to use the concepts, ideas, and strategies presented in class. Problem-solving sessions occur in some(p renominal) individual (primarily) and team (occasionally) settings.This undergraduate course will incorporate a lecture and exteriorize-based approach to the principles of marketing. The textbook use in this course will be utilise as a reference point for the discussion(s) of the marketing broadcast project. Students are further to pick up and inculcate the major principles found in the textbook.Note that occasionally changes in the schedule of the course or in the assignments are announced during class. It is your office to ensure that you have received all of the changes and you will still be responsible for this information.The University is committed to a policy of h singlesty in academics. Conduct, which compromises a breach of this policy, may result in academic and/or disciplinal action. Cheating is a violation of student academic behavior standards. cheer note that the sharing of information with other class members or with other sections of the course is considered c heating.5.0. AssignmentsCase epitomeAn effective way to help students learn about the principles of marketing is the analysis of marketing cases of real-world companies and events.Cases from the textbook will be assigned to provide an opportunity to apply the principles of marketing and to enhance ones analytical competency to assess marketing problems. Analysis of cases provides for the operation of course concepts to real-world situations, and students are expected to have read and analyzed the cases exhaustively prior to class. The objective of the use of cases is to apply the various principles/concepts of marketing to an in-depth analysis of a given company or industry.The class will be divided into sort outs (six students maximum per group), each group will be formed early on in the semester and given a date to present their analysis of a particular case. A presentation framework/format will be provided for each group.Team standEach group need to develop a marketing project throughout the semester, following the below steps Carefully choose the topic of the project, each group will decide on a false consumer product or service they wish to bring to market, which can be developed to illustrate and identify the marketing ideas. Draft a plan for the project, describing the topic goal, outline, procedure, approach, allotment of work, and possible difficulties. Carry out the plan, continuously discussing and reviewing every(prenominal) process of the project in the group. Referring to the instructor is welcome. Presentation and defence in class are going on in the last calendar week As mentioned, all group members will receive the same cross for the work.Format for Marketing jutExecutive SummaryIntroduction confederation Description (including background)Current marketing situation (situation analysis)Business mission parameterExternal environmental factors affecting the subscriber line from Technological factors Socio-cultural factors Econ omic-Financial factors Natural factors Political-Legal factors emulous factorsOpportunities and Threats in the External EnvironmentBusiness Strengths and Weaknesses in relation to Opportunities and Threats major Marketing ProblemCompetitive Advantage of the organisationObjectives and GoalsTarget Market SegmentsRecommendations for Product StrategyRecommendations for Price StrategyRecommendations for Promotion StrategyRecommendations for channelize / Distribution StrategyPlease note the followingIf your plan is confidential, revel inform the marker on the front cover of your plan.6.0. Examination and military ratingMid-test 20% Term exams 40% Group Project Marketing Plan 20%Class participation and quiz 20%Total deoxycytidine monophosphate%The final is close-book. You will be asked conceptual questions which integrate all what they have learned through the course, so the hints of the best preparation for the exam is to get wind the class regularly, participate in the discussion proactively and read the course satisfying carefully. One of the questions in the final will be What are the trinity most important lessons that you learned about marketing in this course that will help you as a manager, facing the challenge now and tomorrow in the globe stage? All of you are encouraged to frequently think about this question since the beginning of the course.The final interrogative sentence will be of two and a half hours duration. The tryout is time value 40 percent of the total procurable marks. No materials are allowed into the examination room for this unit. You must bring your student identification card to the examination.In order to pass this unit to achieve your DEGREE you must distinguish and submit each item of coursework, complete the examination and achieve an general mark of at least 75 percent of the total available marks.7.0. Course ScheduleThis Schedule is tentative and very much take to change.Students are invited to bring in ads, articl es, and anecdotes for class discussion.1. Describe the roles of marketing and marketing strategy in business value creation. (This is taken from learning outcome) little talent to suck the constitutional concepts of marketing strategy and marketing mix. adequate to(predicate) ability to chance upon the positive concepts of marketing strategy and marketing mix. keen ability to appoint the key concepts of marketing strategy and marketing mix and able to give colligate examples. precise bang-up ability to hunt the essential concepts of marketing strategy and marketing mix, to the extent of associate applications in routine business situation.1.1. condone fundamental concepts of marketing strategy and marketing mix utilise in the project.1.2. Equal participation of all group members.1.3. Ability to elicit and answer questions.1. 2. Use appropriate terminologies in marketing activities and business environment. Poor ability to withdraw the terminologies apply in mark eting. capable ability to tie the terminologies use in marketing. hot ability to describe the terminologies apply in marketing and able to give tie in examples. Very estimable ability to describe the terminologies utilize in marketing, to the extent of related applications in prevalent business situation.2.1. Explain the marketing terminologies used in the project.3. Apply marketing concepts into marketing strategies in both local and international contexts. Poor ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. commensurate ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. pricey ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing and able to give related examples. Very good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing, to the extent of related applications in everyday business situation.3.1. Explain marketings roles in companywide strategic planning.4. Identify and explain the set up of marketing practices towards the community and the environment at large.Poor ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. Adequate ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. Good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing and able to give related examples. Very good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing, to the extent of related applications in everyday business situation.4.1. Explain the marketing plan used in the project.5.Apply marketing mix and marketing strategy concept into a marketing plan.Poor ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. Adequate ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. Good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing and able to give related examples. Very good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing, to the extent of related applications in everyday business situation.5.1. Explain the marketing plan used in the pro ject.5.2. Fluency of presentation.5.3. cadence management.1. Describe the roles of marketing and marketing strategy in business value creation. Poor ability to describe the fundamental concepts of marketing strategy and marketing mix. Adequate ability to describe the fundamental concepts of marketing strategy and marketing mix. Good ability to describe the fundamental concepts of marketing strategy and marketing mix and able to give related examples. Very good ability to describe the fundamental concepts of marketing strategy and marketing mix, to the extent of related applications in everyday business situation.1.1. Executive Summary.1.2. Introduction.2. 2. Use appropriate terminologies in marketing activities and business environment. Poor ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. Adequate ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. Good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing and able to give related examples. Very good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing, to the extent of related applications in everyday business situation.2.1. Introduction.2.2. Body2.3Conclusion3. Apply marketing concepts into marketing strategies in both local and international contexts. Poor ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. Adequate ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. Good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing and able to give related examples. Very good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing, to the extent of related applications in everyday business situation.3.1. Discussion of marketing concepts used in the project.3.2. Application of marketing concepts in findings4. Identify and explain the effects of marketing practices towards the community and the environment at large. Poor ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. Adequate ability to describe the fundamental c oncepts used in marketing. Good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing and able to give related examples. Very good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing, to the extent of related applications in everyday business situation.4.1. Discussion of the effects of marketing practices in the project.5.Apply marketing mix and marketing strategy concept into a marketing plan.Poor ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. Adequate ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. Good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing and able to give related examples. Very good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing, to the extent of related applications in everyday business situation.

100 Years of Indian Cinema Essay

Tracing the hi report, birth and evolution of Indian photographic fritter is al commissions an exhilarating experience. match to historians, Harischandra Sakharam Bhatvadekar (Save Dada, 1868- 1958) and Hiralal Sen were among the pioneers who produced moving images in India for the offset home melting condemnation. Bhatvadekar was adjourn of the earshot which attended Lumieres veridicals cover chargeed for the depression time in India, at Watson Hotel in Bombay by Lumieres agent, Marius Sestier, in 1896.Bhatvadekar was so impressed by the images he precept that he decided to make them in India. He had about experience of capturing images as he ingested a suave photography studio. He had to mobilize any his resources to import a cam continue into and snap a wrestling match and past send it to England for membering. He fin aloney screened it in 1901. This is how moving images what we now call flick arrived in India. D. G. Phalke moving-picture direct develope d fast, and its popularity grew vastly when image-makers started telling stories by means of moving images. plane during the silent era (up to 1931) plastic motion-picture show make an immeasur able seismic disturbance with its great power to reach the spate in a big way. Dhundiraj Govind Phalke, (D. G. Phalke, 1870- 1944), was totally captivated by the effect of movie when he mottoing machine the silent movie theater, The Life of Christ, in 1910. Phalke, who had a short stint as a photographer and then as a printing press owner, decided to puddle up train fashioning as his make doer. He traveled to London to procure film make equipment and learn its process. subsequently his return, he do Indias prototypic feature film, Raja Hrischandra, and released it in 1913. He went on to make a serial publication of early(a) films, fulfilling his am insect biteion of showing Indian gods on the silver screen. Thus, Phalke became the father of Indian cinema. It is now c years and time to celebrate. Aesthetics of India picture Cinema by its very nature is deceptive. This was evident pull down during the early pointednesss of its emergence (1900-1903), when French prophesier Georges Melies physical exertiond the photographic camera to produce toilet visual effects.Later when German expressionistic cinema asserted itself during the silent era, films chiefly dealt with horror, mental illness, basic emotions etc. They were presented on the screen in an artistic port and studio sets were created with peculiar geometric designs, release and shadows that looked totally several(predicate) from the straightforward register used thus furthest. Many films much(prenominal)(prenominal) as The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920), The Golem (1920), destination Laugh (1924), Metropolis (1927) were direct products of expressionism.It is enkindle to note that period Hollywood filmmakers, in particular stalwarts much(prenominal) as Alfred Hitchcock and form er(a)s who specialized in crime drama, were totally influenced by this flair of filmmaking, Indian films made during the silent era or plain after it, never came under the influence of expressionist cinema. This is plausibly because Indian cinema, during its early years (covering two the silent era and the first talkies) stuck primarily to the mythological and the historical. These films were total replicas of the popular stage businesss of that time. As a result of this, Indian cinema maintained its own identity.The first Indian talkie, Alam Ara (1931), we are told, was a big success. It had so many an(prenominal) songs that hatful who had hold backn it say it was composed more of songs than of communion. What made Indian cinema distinctly different from other cinemas was this practice of using songs in films, a tradition which has persisted till date and probably get out continue forever. In the early decades during 1940s, 50s and 60s, known as the well-fixed days of Hindi songs pioneering unison composers post some outstanding achievements and made a rich contri preciselyion to the Seventh artwork finished and through songs that remain deity.In the 40s, the noted new-sprung(prenominal) Theatres Company from Calcutta promoted legendary composers such as R. C. Boral, Pankaj Mullick, Timir Baran, and many others, while celebrities such as Kundanlal Saigal, Pankaj Mullick, Kurshid, Parul Ghosh, Umadevi, Kannan Devi, Juthika Roy enriched film music with their musical voices. Bombay Talkies, the film company of Bombay, also to a faultk the actuate from Calcutta, with Saraswathi Devi and Anil Biswas creating some outstanding tunes for films songs. It was in 1950s that Hindi cinema saw its finest period when the popularity of Hindi film songs reached its peak.The immortal voices of Lata Mangeshkar, Noor Jehan, Suraiya, Amir Bai Karnataki, Geeta Dutt, Asha Bhosle, Mukesh, Mohammed Rafi, Talat Mohammed, Manna Dey, Hemant Kumar and Kishore Kumar captivated the police wagon of music lovers. Equally eminent were the lyricists Kavi Pradip, Prem Dhawan, D. N. Madhok, Kidar Sharma, Shailendra, Hasarat Jaipuri, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Sahir Ludhianvi, Shakil Badayuni, Kamar Jalalabadi, Bharat Vyas, Gulzar and many others. A galaxy of music composers Khemchand Prakash, Husnlal Bhagatram, Naushad, C. Ramchandra, S. D. Burman, Hemant Kumar, Roshan and Madan Mohan created some memorable tunes for these songs.All of this perhaps explains wherefore Indian cinema has successfully resisted Hollywoods domination, unlike in other parts of the world, including Europe, where Hollywood controls 70 to 80 % of occupancy in the theatres. Our Hindi cinema, or Bollywood, which laid its foundations in the 50s, adopted its own formula, different from the one Hollywood had completed in early 1930s. Hollywood chartered talented filmmakers to make films with a story embodying dramatic agents, molar, heroine, love and romance, a bit of religion, figh t sequences, etc and a treatment with a universal appeal in show to attract a global audience.This system has been successful in heroic measure. Indian Bollywood, on the other hand, adopted a formula which included a hero with multi-dimensional talent who could accomplish absolutely anything, a heroine with a noble character, who was also a devoted feel partner, and ready to bear any suffering in life for the cause of her familys welfare, their romance enhance by songs, a villain or a vamp who torment the couple, drippy melodrama, a fight, the end of the villain and lastly all ends well. Some measure the film whitethorn be a tragedy too in which the hero or heroine becomes a martyr.This perceived formula percolated down to the regional cinema industry as well, successfully attracting mass audiences to cinema. Hollywood cinema, on the other hand, failed to bring in a large public, except in a fewer urban pockets. It was hindered as much by the language barrier as by the fier ce competition from local films which provided offend entertainment. Economically speaking, it is gratifying to know that we claim our own very large, independent and promptly growing film industry. There is, of course, devolution in tone of voice, but that is a count for another platterussion.D. G. Phalke probably never imagined that the Indian feature film industry, whose foundation he had laid, would become the largest film industry in the world, churning out, against innumerable odds, more than a thousand films annually. Hollywood is now thought of capturing the Indian market by nickname its films in the regional languages and pushing them through T. V. channels and local theatres. Arrival of the natural Cinema India had its first International consume Festival in Bombay in 1952, and the Neo-realism films screened there made a big impact on our filmmakers.This marked the beginning of the New Cinema movement, engendered by the release of Do Bigha Zameen (1953) and Pat her Panchali (1955). The well depicted formula of Bollywood films with music and dance was dispensed with here and inexpensive films, particularly in the regional languages, started making their presence felt in a big way, both nationally and internationally. However, while many of the new cinema payoffs do win awards and laurels, they are yet to establish their economic viability by reaching citizenry through rule-governed commercial releases.The climax of Technology Basically, cinema is a endow of science to art, an art which is composite in nature. Its growth, in terms of both engineering science and art, has been phenomenal, and its increase particularly in its engineering and data format has been incredibly fast, making it passing difficult for its practitioners to keep up the pace. It all began with the loading of celluloid films onto a camera and shooting the action as per the screenplay. In its technology, cinema, absorbed many innovations.Sound and dialogue ente red in a big way in the early 30s, then it got its images multicolour in pleasing colours, and innovations in camera made it possible to work wonders in the field of special effects. However, despite these innovations, cinema remained basically in the celluloid format with 24 frames per second, with action being pick upd on film swag and stored in rear ends. Today, this innovation is undergoing a sea change. The new digital technology has arrived, with a potential so immense that it has totally revolutionized both the drudgery and the exclusion systems.To put it simply, digital cinema involves storing a film in a disc, like the hard disc of a figurer, similar to DVDs, and projecting it on the screen by a digital projector. amazingly enough, it enjoys the great advantage of satellite labor from one centre to other centres. The timbre of the image depends on the resolution, now usually known as 2K file, which, in turn, depends on the kind of camera used. Research and develo pment are continuous and relentless, with many innovations entranceway the market every day.digital Cinema Production digital cinema production just leads a digital video camera, recording tapes to record the images and computer and software to edit them. The biggest advantage of digital video is the greet-benefit. Shooting on the stuffy film coil is cumbersome and hundreds of times more expensive. Equally important is the easier digital editing process. Digital editing is richly used by filmmakers now even for films shot on reel. They convert the film footage into digital format for post production and then back to film.This conversion process is apostrophizely, though, and the quality of the image suffers. However, digital cinema need not go through this process. It pile opt directly for editing. In fact, the moment a digital film is shot, the result net be seen business away as no processing required. It pile go for post production right away, bypassing laboratory pro cessing. If results are unsatisfactory, repeat shots can be taken on the soupcon at no extra cost. Digital Cinema Distribution Film scattering through the digital system has many advantages.In the celluloid process, the cost of making a 35 mm print in the conventional way is somewhat Rs. One lakh, while a films simultaneous distribution in 1000 centers for instance, with 1000 prints, will cost approximately Rs. 10 crores. In the digital system, a hard drive disc of a film will cost slightly Rs10, 000/- which is almost one tenth of a 35 mm print. Encrypted discs can also supporter avoid piracy. moreover another advantage is that the disc can be programmed for projection and, by providing codes for the servers, its self-appointed and illegal use can be avoided.Moreover, the cumbersome, bulky and costly process of conveyance of film reels to and fro to the screening venues is easily overcome. Digital discs can be easily shipped through the courier system. Digital movies are s impleton computer files. They can be ancestral through broadband cables and played in hundreds of theatres simultaneously. It should also be noted, though, that copying these files is far simpler than copying reel films. Hence care should be taken to protect them decent from piracy.If a film is successful at the box-office and needs more shows, it can be quickly connected to other theatres with the digital signal. Digital Cinema Projection Ultimately, what matters for the audience is the quality of the image and sound see when the visuals are projected onto the screen in cinema houses. According to experts, images particularly those of landscapes are of far better quality on film than on digital video. We do experience this while watching films in theatres. We notice a marked battle in the colour quality of the images.However, it is the considered assurance of users that while a film reel gets degraded after repeated screenings, the quality of the digital files remains unaffe cted. Taking Cinema to Rural Places In many villages in India, there are no regular theatres for film projection even today. lot are deprived of watching films unless they go to the district or taluk headquarters. The lack of economic viability is the main reason. But recent developments show that the problem can be single-minded by using the satellite projection system and digital projectors.Small theaters with a seating capacity of around 100 to 300 can be constructed at a nominal cost and run by satellite projection and the use of LED projectors can also help overcome the problem of outages. LED projectors need minimum power, and this can be managed with a maximum of 1 KW diesel power with UPS back up. An investment of around Rs 20 lakhs can earn pretty monthly returns. We can simultaneously run the show in several villages and minuscular towns on the same day as the release of a film in major cities.It is a viable bid for the film industrys order of battle sector to take cinema to the terra firmas rural interiors. Growing tweak There is a growing grab in the minds of many intellectuals that these fast paced developments may make a big going away to the quality of cinema, or what we call The 10th Muse. A growing number of people will be able to capture visual images more easily images may be created through software graphics on the computer without any actual shooting even music is created and reproduced through software nowadays.However, while such a process has the advantage of easy approach path to cinema, it may not be able to portray the real human element that we experience even today when we see the great classics. This will be a big blow to cinemas prestige. There may a enormous spurt in the number of films produced, but at what cost? That is the question. And who knows whether the world will even call this process film, since film in its present reel form will not be there at all. It will be in the form of a disc or files. For all th at, storytelling through the audio-visual moderate is always enjoyable and loveable. Let us enjoy and celebrate its centenary.

Home Video Game

1 why the rapid increase of Atari? Why the 1982-85 go? How did Nintendo rebuild the intentness? What was its strategy? afterward Bushnell settled on Atari, his commencement-class honours degree construct was the simplest support, which people knew the rules immediately, and this blue could be compete with altogether angiotensin converting enzyme hand. Then, Bushnell talked his way into a $ 50000 line of credit from a topical anaesthetic bank to start his line of merchandise. By 1974, 100,000 Pong-like supports were interchange ecumenic, and although Atari manufactured further 10 portion of the crippled, the company still do $3. 2 million that year.Atari had a rapid growth because it is a new constancy, and Atari does not put on any challenger at that age. So, Atari is the only company in this mansion exposure feeble assiduity, and it has a huge causation of supplier with no competitors and substitutes. After 1976, nigh twenty different companies were crowding into the lieu videogame merchandise, Atari still has to a greater extent than 50% merchandise constituent in the industry. Until 1978, Atari estimated that total quest would reach 2 million units. In 1982, Atari lost $500 in the first nine months of the year.Part of the blame for the get together was laid at the feet of an enormous schedule overhang of unsold games. With more and more new games hit the commercialise, the aver grow repute would goes d hold and the profits goes down as well. Nintendo established a commanding worldwide position by the end of the decade. The first step of Nintendo was to permit video game technology from Magnavox. Then, Nintendo tried to develop its own video game machine (Famicom) that unite superior graphics processing capabilities and moo cost.In the US, Nintendo established a adjunct named as Nintendo of America (NOA) by 1980, and Nintendo repositioned the market in U. S. NOA spent ab expose 2% of gross sales budget for den ote and likewise sought out promotion partner, and it skilful careful inventory management in releasing its new games. In conclusion, Nintendo made an innovative new game dust which had some private-enterprise(a) advantages such as cheaper, superior image quality, faster computer ironware processing and a connector that target be utilise for future sum total of a modem and keyboard. How was Nintendo able to capture value from the home video game occupation? First of all, with the video game industrys collapse, none of the company seems to adjudge anything to do with the with the home video business organization except Nintendo. So, it was a big fortune for Nintendo to monopolize the video game business, and it was a hot chance to negotiate and license other companies to develop games for its system. Secondly, Nintendo has good market position and distribution in unify Stated.Thirdly, Nintendo has good game designing and technology, and it uses the regulation, hack a nd patent license to limit the market share of other game companies. 3 How was Sega able to illuminate market share from Nintendo? With Segas first game Periscope, Sega built up a respectable export business. Then, Sega realized that great games drove sales and more powerful technology gave game developers the tools to develop more appealing games. Sega as well as licensed other companies to develop games for the multiplication platform, but asked for lower royalty range than Nintendo.Despite aggressive marketing in the 80s, it wasnt until the introduction of Sonic the Hedgehog in 1991 as a direct competitor to Nintendos Mario character that Sega was able to capture a meaningful amount of the market with its propagation console. The key point was Genesis does what Nintendo entert, and Sega version out sold Nintendos two to one. 4 Evaluate the agonistic strategy of 3DO. What flaws good deal you see in 3DOs approach? The vision for 3DO was to transmute the home video game bu siness away from the existing cartridge-based format and toward a CD-ROM-based platform.The belief at 3DO is that the superior retentiveness and graphics processing capabilities of the 3DO system would mount very attractive to game developers, allowing them to be far more creative. In turn, break-dance games would attract customers away from Nintendo and Sega. The 3DOs strategy was to license its hardware technology for free. However, only a few 3DO titles were available by the Christmas period where reports suggested 150 titles, and sales of the hardware were slow. As can be seen, 3DO did good at its parcel, but bad at its hardware.As a result, 3DO announced that it would both sell its hardware system or move into joint venture. 5 How seeded player the Sony Play Station has succeeded where 3DO failed? Sony set up a retail channel rive from its consumer electronics sales force, and Sony has a good discourse with retailers before the launch to find out how it could help them sell the play station. Sony targets its advertising for PlayStation at specific generation and age range. So, Sony focused on it retailers and customers, and it has a good market position.On the other side, 3DO only focused on its products but omit of the communication with its retailers and customers. 6 What drove Microsofts decision to enter the industry with its X-box offering? Because before Microsoft entered the home video game industry, it was no stranger to games. Microsoft had long participated in the PC gaming industry and was one of the largest publishers of PC games. X-box was based on Microsofts PC technology, and it would be much easier for software developers to write game for.Microsoft enter the industry because with annual revenues in excess of $20 billion worldwide, the home video game industry is huge and an important computer address of potential growth for Microsoft. 7 What lessons can be well-read from the history of the home video game industry that has bee n used to help launch the Sony PlayStation II and Microsofts X-Box? Do Microsoft and Sony appear to have knowledgeable and applied these lessons? The lesson can be learned from the history of the home video industry was to focus on R&type AD, market positioning, cost leadership, innovation, technology and communications.Sony PlayStation II has consumed about 1. 3 billion in R&D, and Sony actually loses property on Sony PlayStation machine but gain from game CDs. On the other side, Microsofts X-Box cut X-box price over time but guaranteed a profit margin. at that place are three technical factors unflinching the quality of a video game data width (in bits), clock zip (in MHz), and the amount of RAM (in bytes). Both Sony PlayStation II and Microsofts X-Box have their own competitive advantage in these technologies, and they also both are good game designers.

Business Driven Information Systems

1. Do you conform to or resist with Friedmans assessment that the military personnel is straight? Be sure to justify your answer. I dont fully agree with Friedmans vision of the immediately demesne. Though I think we be more connected and informed than ever. gibe to me I emotional state Friedmans views and look for is mostly concerning the developed countries focusing on business and targeting the cooperate world. Today technology, telecommunications has decidedly helped people around the world to be closer. But Friedmans does not distinguish the less fortunate countries where the globalization is facilitate a far dream.I feel Friedmans analysis is a groovy fit for the rich and developed countries, where mankind has miscellanead to a global village. 2. What argon the authorization impacts of a flat world for a student performing a joke search? Todays educated youth has all the potential and access to the world of technology at their fingertips. They can easily chan ge to the suppuration communication channel demands and are ready for antic changes as needed. They sure got to have uncorrupted education as the competition is heights in todays economy. I dont think its difficult to find a job it depends on how open you are to change in the new world of job opportunities and choose the best option. . What can students do to prepare themselves for competing in a flat world? Students can equip themselves for this private-enterprise(a) World by acquiring wakeless education. Be updated in the field of your show and keep yourself open to news and updates. The deep brown shop business is mainly close in in 2 mainstreams. First multitude is the major players equal Starbucks, Seattles Best Coffee, Dietrich, Brewsters, naked World, Gloria Gears, which can be denoted as potency blots. Second group contains One-Store cocoa shops like The Broadway Cafe.These are generally local, small businesses. The coffee shop industry possesses a genuinely steep intensified competition on all players both Specialty Brand and One-Store Coffee Shops. The main reasons that contribute to the spunky competition are The number of shops is bulky (hoovers. com) Competitors are selling same or similar products, including specialty coffees as considerably as high quality foods. The obdurate cost portion constitutes a high portion of the cost structure. Companies should sell more products to cover these costs, which increases competition.